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Through systematic out-of-distribution (OOD) testing, we investigate whether the model can distinguish known from unknown inputs, and crucially, whether it can express this distinction in its generated text.\n  We find a clear dissociation between internal and external uncertainty. Internally, the model exhibits a perplexity jump ratio of 2.39x between real and fabricated historical events (p = 8.9e-11, n = 92 per group), with semi-fabricated events (real figures + fictional events) showing the highest perplexity (4.24x, p = 1.1e-16), demonstrating genuine factual encoding beyond syntactic pattern matching. Externally, however, the model never learns to express uncertainty: classical Chinese epistemic markers appear at lower rates for OOD question","title":"Internal Knowledge Without External Expression: Probing the Generalization Boundary of a Classical Chinese Language Model","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14180","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2604.14180v2 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: We train a 318M-parameter Transformer language model from scratch on a curated corpus of 1.56 billion tokens of pure Classical Chinese, with zero English characters or Arabic numerals. Through systematic out-of-distribution (OOD) testing, we investigate whether the model can distinguish known from unknown inputs, and crucially, whether it can express this distinction in its generated text.\n  We find a clear dissociation between internal and external uncertainty. 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Externally, however, the model never learns to express uncertainty: classical Chinese epistemic markers appear at lower rates for OOD question","title":"Internal Knowledge Without External Expression: Probing the Generalization Boundary of a Classical Chinese Language Model","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-23T04:43:18Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14180"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:cf62c1c17ed04ac4274d67e1acd8eb6d888d3cead98cadada10c9fb9578d91af881e32f25bf353e336a4a747f05ad7e5791c6e2a0841ca1d67975b5bd9f3dc03","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-23T04:43:18Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14180"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"d3e7e75fdd3a584f8a75c6a6281fdbed2de8eb9d7707cf02b835570deb7fdb43","leaf_index":343804,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"9d7365354d9723a39e016ba1ab25764d0bd34a3c2594002e1b53e3940a8416e8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d83babea483e461cd14c560a9c2968fc591e190c262eb14607eb575c030ea17c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"60b1b8c838b61cc63bb036ca9f8e96e0a376c1adb02b92bd07f570b04d89ca26","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e3d67f858869217b6bb995e6b1f0458f3f34abb4e494d42966f4a978f9df10a4","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3a71d7f46b406fcfbdfbc11a7325edc08bc6a524909b33541b5d4f9893ac1298","side":"left"},{"sibling":"8c4abba7f73d017263c7cfa7cf00e7dad2248eccd24b930d64f9284ce5a8897d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"84e2bd69f70ff0e814f453c01a295fde8d94bdb3824a1424ab4fd97be4fa4cba","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fbe8bc0f33cd1a297ce2f845b101ed1107ebb67f2c2577c28ed032c1046d3b97","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6ecdcc1e2fb6ab44777fffbb7c8297d723018c63aac9d90c7a1bbebe728d84cf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"93d7d8e0e882d05b2a15bb707a824979a0427907eb47e687c712906674a0d345","side":"left"},{"sibling":"92219a3ef58cd145d94f071b0b9396cec3707812b02a8c7c63f2d0e22340552b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4eb402d67bd4bf583b0434363061166fe259c34cc6c42adb32dcfbff0a9f5767","side":"left"},{"sibling":"2dd9cb2521044ee7c6b74f2315e0a0253b8df0d04a7b810bbbbe7da5a9788769","side":"left"},{"sibling":"21d66dd41003813f710b7617944f1bfba3258658a5d3370c21cad8f9e945bc99","side":"left"},{"sibling":"941f71d7ce3990a507b8f485de3f872a51d0e9a8c59405d76c2ae6f4a6af494a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6281b6f7a93c44e3c4895bc65cfcb6f2be24dd725f4f46540ec022a6e215f4e8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"77025bcb374a7ad74f520643e20a8ae1205a7ee78507b0beb93117760f1c29d3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6baede22892163664bb2e4d92cf75e6b290761533a6c39491c3afd89bb3a0252","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":343944,"merkle_root":"afab58f71597d393a7a61b857dac2eacb72fd1c04cd1432c2622d7b19309dffd","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260723T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-23T05:38:39Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"1a58fdc6367d0c86f83d2385be748e0800a64bcf9987c92fadca53deda009cd390d2070302c2b6e44841febfd864637c323ba12c7a1e9ae58fdf2a0cf546ac01","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_0b458307493b8ab924b032f0e1f0a2a0c49b7c114377adb1f6f83250ac3e2676"}}