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We present the first systematic evaluation of LLM safety across 12 Indic languages, spoken by over 1.2 billion people but underrepresented in LLM training data. Using a dataset of 6,000 culturally grounded prompts spanning caste, religion, gender, health, and politics, we assess 10 leading LLMs on translated variants of the prompt.\n  Our analysis reveals significant safety drift: cross-language agreement is just 12.8\\%, and \\texttt{SAFE} rate variance exceeds 17\\% across languages. Some models over-refuse benign prompts in low-resource scripts, overflag politically sensitive topics, while others fail to flag unsafe generations. We quantify these failures using prompt-level entropy, category bias scores, and multilingual consistency indices.\n  Our findings highlight","title":"IndicSafe: A Benchmark for Evaluating Multilingual LLM Safety in South Asia","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.17915","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2603.17915v2 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: As large language models (LLMs) are deployed in multilingual settings, their safety behavior in culturally diverse, low-resource languages remains poorly understood. We present the first systematic evaluation of LLM safety across 12 Indic languages, spoken by over 1.2 billion people but underrepresented in LLM training data. Using a dataset of 6,000 culturally grounded prompts spanning caste, religion, gender, health, and politics, we assess 10 leading LLMs on translated variants of the prompt.\n  Our analysis reveals significant safety drift: cross-language agreement is just 12.8\\%, and \\texttt{SAFE} rate variance exceeds 17\\% across languages. Some models over-refuse benign prompts in low-resource scripts, overflag politically sensitive topics, while others fail to flag unsafe generations. We quantify these failures using prompt-level entropy, category bias scores, and multilingual consistency indices.\n  Our findings highlight","title":"IndicSafe: A Benchmark for Evaluating Multilingual LLM Safety in South Asia","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.17915"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:95e34759aa1aba3f2899bddca8c88317b712e2ba9dcea1dd3476c16be157c85f00aedbefc223c44ba07693b57768a4bd216a0137bf5b351f4e06de58ee8afb00","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.17915"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"ca0bc0ef85daa224b4fec2d14b07c292621c4faae24e47d4f156b6b5baf55fd1","leaf_index":140799,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"56071531630dced5071778ca910fcebbb1cc096cfc2bef0f746e8c619a2aa514","side":"left"},{"sibling":"06426bae8fc6112775bfd3e66d88a1405040022be3098462b16a8786dfaf53aa","side":"left"},{"sibling":"336e5dbe9e8ebfc20f2231adb3d5ef6667578fd3ea35d29c869508ea5964bd90","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b7433287ed8ad52435e88ecdb27dd0e195b793d536a19824622780e066834e2f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1030005f0dffd7184c294c1675687c2f7200ac641111290389abd489bb5ac4af","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b59f5b6589804050df943e9de027b74c1fffb33440b7e6dfcf198d1d29863180","side":"left"},{"sibling":"518d2c79e4bbff1e18ea05bbb3663a3fb58b3b1682a658f34e706ea23e091089","side":"left"},{"sibling":"30c60828b6b0ade79197e585b88c06ccf4f348c1e62fbf6710d89ae2c2e9dcfb","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6bedf73520cf3dd8758d8bdedf3be245de9aea97abd42934aae25539176ae1b2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"07abc3bad689e74e6304772503dc9372a118e6f66883b8e88c43414efddac063","side":"right"},{"sibling":"28b78fb112bcf26b6801664db97eb8f52a9bccbf0a7ae6766e11845d443692df","side":"left"},{"sibling":"68d0a4634c1460a19c92edd9480df3aa733b814463e7420d1e14471bf61b2f83","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8af64f275b862349aa3bbb9d5cd7fa9a7fdd5620af3bf1b36b2a4519b0b53bdf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8f4c0fbe56b6c010fbb8c782ebcd478079bb3f991d8704e2534209a075d9163c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b98c2afadb358e5387e88f19588f8343a81b488d9b44a6f7e57a032db3a1b030","side":"right"},{"sibling":"11b0c1591747f09f7c8971a6caa19befcd81317ca9dfd417b143234df4e10c79","side":"right"},{"sibling":"87206f3bcc342797c990d87f7235c01f78d32ca59cfaf8ad18d71afc879ba477","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":140892,"merkle_root":"6cca56ead155990456b8a014cc50bddbe710f409b26e3d1bfa6fb12b0bfcf6bf","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260518T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-18T05:37:30Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"1e1135f7595f79b14fb11f5fa81a2e17ad31b11b44b427a5e40a7d511cd86447daf492babd368ab571cf26404c8c74c450d460130fca4b064eb2760367489a0f","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_203155c6e187855b43529e66975fb0ac25881b0092e783dd01af153d90f435fa"}}