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Public ownership, linguistic specialization, and open weights create a presumption of trustworthiness. Such an instrument, built by and for a language community, looks like the natural choice for measuring what that community says and values. Whether such a model validly measures anything is untested at release. The evaluation of LLMs as measurement instruments is typically task-specific and stops at agreement with human coders. Agreement cannot distinguish an LLM instrument that measures a construct from one that reaches matching codes through surface correlates. We audit the presumption on a favourable case: AMALIA, Portugal's publicly funded 9B model, coding the moral foundation of authority in European Portuguese. The \\textit{recovery gap} operationalizes the audit: decompose the codebook into its theory-defined clauses, recombine them through t","title":"Trusting sovereign language models as scientific instruments: evidence from Portugal's AMALIA","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.08731","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.08731v2 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: National language models are becoming publicly funded epistemic infrastructure. Public ownership, linguistic specialization, and open weights create a presumption of trustworthiness. Such an instrument, built by and for a language community, looks like the natural choice for measuring what that community says and values. Whether such a model validly measures anything is untested at release. The evaluation of LLMs as measurement instruments is typically task-specific and stops at agreement with human coders. Agreement cannot distinguish an LLM instrument that measures a construct from one that reaches matching codes through surface correlates. We audit the presumption on a favourable case: AMALIA, Portugal's publicly funded 9B model, coding the moral foundation of authority in European Portuguese. The \\textit{recovery gap} operationalizes the audit: decompose the codebook into its theory-defined clauses, recombine them through t","title":"Trusting sovereign language models as scientific instruments: evidence from Portugal's AMALIA","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-21T04:43:35Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.08731"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:529d0f17a429ebf6596a44ef27ad637e92841cc952e9e82d16285910ae19443106cd45dcfc5447a26520b63185e818a9855de0dc2c7e4427a90dab91e0988905","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-21T04:43:35Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.08731"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"457434bd1461bb86b577482948a484b73b0cc624e0f23093f8e75273c90e6b86","leaf_index":337006,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"55dcda0c6488fc10b016b825e055c4d43eea4ef5a0c76acfcf87053d242e3d95","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1aafae8c8a0725d5251f371857e33d5d37cc560d945d5946b73891735e949f03","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1dfc76e99cb1ecd5eaf797bf791fd25c324a04b819136676d740a59a23d30347","side":"left"},{"sibling":"603ffabc679fd553387d5f24f9e6b9ba5add13cf43ec14f2f008f9a3b88f715a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3f5fd1680493526da9fd95a6360272d74f78dac673ad0801691b9c004e57c90c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"07c87330e171a55b29b083c7c6c30454fcdfd68bb1f0238fbbe25104f4826174","side":"left"},{"sibling":"34efd454df46a7476d0bc83ac9843e7409ddde5c8ee1426de19ece35f23d2d83","side":"left"},{"sibling":"45255096c5a08e740a615b6e3c262589a170dbfc373bdeaceae175916dd2ab97","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1298242aa509bc13b92160250ead2d95a721941ca6310e33b9eb0bf0821557d0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"61d44c6d16b87de577db53cff0dba2f003c50c036d92dc335120aa70124c8788","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5d0b792dbe69fd0a7cd8d79b467aa10204d1f25be602c06190f3423bc22727b8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"9eb5077edfb3dc553857d4794b925bfce117e0f8a1d049af5d0dd9026b470eef","side":"right"},{"sibling":"414b1a70fd1dcb25489a194714b97492b066684b15d0b7a48a176c4b9b5bc713","side":"right"},{"sibling":"21d66dd41003813f710b7617944f1bfba3258658a5d3370c21cad8f9e945bc99","side":"left"},{"sibling":"613f015699131eb89bd755dee67133be95af25cf5f16c1c8ce4b99d963b8dd86","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a729b574b1135956436ded5eef1fe8f08014ff6a0729749d307ab1bca93fcdc9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"77025bcb374a7ad74f520643e20a8ae1205a7ee78507b0beb93117760f1c29d3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4bf21052e085e8ac81f1dec1d2b310bd12bf948992de6177d12e9d2fda8d39f0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":337144,"merkle_root":"5e969cc01afa67e4dbe5d37b712cdb10f4aa1fd74404e02eab724cf487c8d6d9","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260721T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-21T05:38:38Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"5c0c1a8dd2793d787ccd5e49e8b4d70eed136352555518589f05c74be357fc171702e42a76c3a556d90e3d51ff36cb3d292aaac83c66566de7b943f318bda50c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_25a7543476262a6a9e2417ca5061cc46aca7b737042d795ab108eb9ee42d2902"}}