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We introduce an in-vitro framework with two procedurally generated languages that share the same ontology, typed grammar, and compositional structure, but differ in surface realization. This lets us independently vary lexical distance, minority-language proportion, tokenizer training regime, and vocabulary size, while evaluating transfer on a masked minority-language condition whose lexical forms are never observed during training. Across 700 controlled runs, we find that transfer is governed less by tokenizer balance or raw lexical similarity than by whether tokenization preserves reusable cross-lingual substructure. Smaller vocabularies often improve masked transfer by keeping words decomposable into shared fragments, whereas larger vocabularies can turn forms into lan","title":"An In-Vitro Study on Cross-Lingual Generalization in Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26683","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.26683v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Cross-lingual transfer in language models is difficult to study in natural corpora because lexical overlap, morphology, data imbalance, and tokenization are entangled. We introduce an in-vitro framework with two procedurally generated languages that share the same ontology, typed grammar, and compositional structure, but differ in surface realization. This lets us independently vary lexical distance, minority-language proportion, tokenizer training regime, and vocabulary size, while evaluating transfer on a masked minority-language condition whose lexical forms are never observed during training. Across 700 controlled runs, we find that transfer is governed less by tokenizer balance or raw lexical similarity than by whether tokenization preserves reusable cross-lingual substructure. Smaller vocabularies often improve masked transfer by keeping words decomposable into shared fragments, whereas larger vocabularies can turn forms into lan","title":"An In-Vitro Study on Cross-Lingual Generalization in Language Models","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-27T04:43:18Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26683"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:3be46dca9ec1c078c1d17bc492ed69a0ed7c48e003790bfa3b0af7c9a1197fc8fc6ee3b56dc2155a11c5ab935e6a4a960702b461cc8a661eb3c4d6461585be0c","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-27T04:43:18Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26683"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"5044c1d33305693798372a8c949dc611519f843f186137339cfb72a071c079fb","leaf_index":153727,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"3982b068a0c21d973a71f93f6a2682bae963307404c1af3a5a9b193c20057dcf","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e44b6694bb760d1c5909b2763a2879113446033db9503eea01e2a314ceeb652c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"89fec594f93be7d0d3738c93f8121d40ab518352a68c16385c21eeb492d8d07d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d27190d404dbf25c0c5766697001fbe48a9d0593f97709319385c64b15ac1b20","side":"left"},{"sibling":"cb5a0f85e5be6f161846ef96c8b99b4bd57c7308b2dbd6384516699e6682bbe2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1083d57987922442c2f8f10fa547e0641aebbd2015a20a97f041d0a6f4375e48","side":"left"},{"sibling":"727ac1dfc33933f05b7eed6f887414eb57d6283ba0cbf0d562eadb6f86c3d644","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e6fcc8fd02ff764f6e74465d070f84e313e858647d901e3ee00b83931106f26c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c56e46802f42ead6bcf79619c80428b6dc22e9afc9611a87f0d04a5ef9acadd7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"3165125427a29042fc9d02858a59a68858dbdcb2e19d1afa5f6dd6a95cfbce6a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"04b9a68b8ec6fa37251564383c685c23ce69e5e031df4eae69f79a3a334b68bf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"816f233274bb10f5a122aac086a0c8c697b78fec67a4af55190bb596b7506fab","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d415e6939aee710631f5062799379b547d2c3e3d9a68f263bbb5a693285ab2ca","side":"left"},{"sibling":"374c02d15fb12bd356c179c94766043a982052c6132af8bfc15361b431ffa9f7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"35ca36cee447f0ef7064a25d55f59357c66901e31427729c4c1d8b14aa8adb6c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"990705096edf483cc877217308f731dc42d6f6d99f82880167bbdbbfef32560a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"dd265753d95fa2e2fb4f5768e37fab6f691ccff09ad60d0910ff7dc23bac9226","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":154065,"merkle_root":"4993cfdc172e7880b60667f16789dc2e831ff000f81bb1ecba248e73f1510eca","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260527T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-27T05:37:36Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"76ecf118011540405e96506e6219752df04a2850632f2903dc6f10e08b98bc5a42c8d9e1cb5b7c5bf714479806a403df5f34399afa40c23fbb71493a1f77bd0c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_2e87b14cd9ce758180b0419504b6d0f33871ded4e8220ec601130169c9445fc2"}}