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the output depends on the size of the model, the diversity of training data, and the specific architecture and training techniques used. 53. Perplexity has publicly stated that, in addition to leveraging other companies’ LLMs, including those of OpenAI, Meta, Anthropic, Google, and NVIDIA,”* it offers a proprietary Sonar family of LLMs specifically designed to support its GenAI Products. For example, Perplexity fine- tuned (or “post-trained”) open source LLMs using NVIDIA’s NeMo product “to create


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