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However, RAG systems still produce incorrect answers in many cases. Why RAG fails despite having access to external information remains poorly understood. We present a model-internal study of retrieval-augmented generation that examines how retrieved evidence influences answer generation. Using circuit tracing, we construct attribution graphs that model the flow of information through transformer layers during decoding. These graphs represent interactions among retrieved context, intermediate model activations, and generated tokens, providing a graph, circuit-level view of how external evidence is integrated into the model's reasoning process across multiple question answering benchmarks, we observe consistent structural differences: correct predictions exhibit deeper rea","title":"Why Retrieval-Augmented Generation Fails: A Graph Perspective","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14192","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.14192v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a powerful and widely used approach for improving large language models by grounding generation in retrieved evidence. However, RAG systems still produce incorrect answers in many cases. Why RAG fails despite having access to external information remains poorly understood. We present a model-internal study of retrieval-augmented generation that examines how retrieved evidence influences answer generation. Using circuit tracing, we construct attribution graphs that model the flow of information through transformer layers during decoding. These graphs represent interactions among retrieved context, intermediate model activations, and generated tokens, providing a graph, circuit-level view of how external evidence is integrated into the model's reasoning process across multiple question answering benchmarks, we observe consistent structural differences: correct predictions exhibit deeper rea","title":"Why Retrieval-Augmented Generation Fails: A Graph Perspective","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-15T04:43:17Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14192"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:a5260b7be0bf6d7a2156d28018e3fea195a5e87c9ce3daac5395223aa4d3d45246f1986c03dfc6607d6acfd44a4d0b8b925e9c22c4bcc468584bda7c7d20ab0d","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-15T04:43:17Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14192"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"1db0d57acd99388a2891f2083fc2246ca492a9aa6b26f48df63419a6a99fafbc","leaf_index":134539,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"66b9326465c4a1c7ba10c911adee19c49d48bdf1e93c2cbe88f86db8f6d89d36","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d7e89dc9e42d914acab465ec1f2d013219dc0e4c42d7cde4c24c557a7438c70b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"0b945100f0cc5e3299ffcad68984ff7b45d2249cb5486b32402cf3a84e871544","side":"right"},{"sibling":"485adc8a5023b3d855411d33540d7e7d6e97dd25d6815e63a9fb3b4aa8f40fc8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"838361ba263e6fd83d138df6f0a5c4cd12f6689eb8c6b4bb2087949dd44899e4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6e1d6260a3d850b194e2a375f8310684b0e177404f2bcdaa038ff5c91a39748b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1fcc844afba4d276ea40006549a4217e03b90b0c4aa39feb95e5883e34363df9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"cbbed0225164fe227925f0fc2929e9ecbc520f5a86b19035c412206d51935e10","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4711a7f4329f1874c3aa1ae93c336e1d4fa402bdd4b3d766c2a95304ea226882","side":"left"},{"sibling":"8ce2a4687a8ceb409df2e1cb10e44a610b21dc294e518a8550b6d1122335ca2b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"36672459e5ed50c64ee1842b69cb6d2eb682c2a04844555be8d124257571994a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"727783827652adfa99c455bd80a01bfb33836228e51068b4f654ef3da468ca69","side":"left"},{"sibling":"623194cd30880ed223e306737fdb111aa0d781751bfc47553c404a6af6aad2c4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"fc8f53ed42756907fb79ee19a4ed09f72c560e5302b3d98198b96bf1da635a4a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d6607539da7ba39ec68be2d12f27ed6768766c745e3120fd915f88c5e288e07c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b63408a424d27cd6a75e0fb155e69a58a328f41e9cb9dba1eddef9a5289cc7fd","side":"right"},{"sibling":"356fb36a4e188f03d7a05c54cd8789bdd40eda454b9bc9560f667acc08e6c4e0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":134886,"merkle_root":"c6c7ae28c065bced89e7f844216b073f1a7cc4b378db0d41a98bcd21b28066db","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260515T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-15T05:37:26Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"5a3978c26017daf4104adbb3e1c3099c5750157acbfc7242ece1815dc6740fe08a690291ce0afe42011e20cc565b5ebe64ec016bf658b5bab563a63337985c05","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_39a733fd5204346b8079316d356dc04bdff033058d4f8d241867022fde80804c"}}