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Existing carbon-estimation methods largely depend on regression over historical runs and fail to capture critical system-level factors, including hardware heterogeneity, distributed parallelism, communication overhead, and architectural sparsity. We present \\textit{CarbonScaling}, a hardware-aware analytical framework for modeling the carbon scaling behavior of frontier LLM training. The framework integrates neural scaling laws, distributed training strategies, accelerator and interconnect modeling, and operational and embodied carbon accounting to estimate feasible hardware configurations and associated emissions. 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