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Deploying multiple such models across TMC functions raises a portfolio question: which model should serve each function, in which deployment mode, and under what shared hardware budget? We formulate this as the Foundation Model Deployment Portfolio (FMDP) problem, a mixed-integer program minimizing total cost of ownership (TCO) subject to per-function quality, latency, and safety constraints over shared GPU capacity. We prove the problem NP-hard by reduction from the 0-1 knapsack problem and propose a polynomial-time greedy heuristic. In an illustrative case study with five TMC functions and 19 candidate (model, mode) pairs, FMDP identifies a mixed portfolio costing $34/mo (97% below the cheapest feasible","title":"Cost-Optimal Foundation Model Deployment Portfolio for Transportation Management","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.13239","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.13239v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: Foundation models, including large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs), are increasingly used for transportation management center (TMC) tasks such as anomaly detection, incident reporting, and traveler information. Deploying multiple such models across TMC functions raises a portfolio question: which model should serve each function, in which deployment mode, and under what shared hardware budget? We formulate this as the Foundation Model Deployment Portfolio (FMDP) problem, a mixed-integer program minimizing total cost of ownership (TCO) subject to per-function quality, latency, and safety constraints over shared GPU capacity. We prove the problem NP-hard by reduction from the 0-1 knapsack problem and propose a polynomial-time greedy heuristic. In an illustrative case study with five TMC functions and 19 candidate (model, mode) pairs, FMDP identifies a mixed portfolio costing $34/mo (97% below the cheapest feasible","title":"Cost-Optimal Foundation Model Deployment Portfolio for Transportation Management","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-16T04:44:04Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.13239"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:eb482d5d44986934df287685077d3435625472a2bd3f9a10618c52acc2307e0f2fbcce345c2ef8ef2bb0f0e88ec279df7465ccb8c8f3b718349a219fdbc6f40a","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-16T04:44:04Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.13239"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"5a73447bc306f94305dde81a49c45475827b1b27e7ec185fb2e40174addf3bc6","leaf_index":319744,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"368c4bac5a1352956ebb4cba605f32e0e347373350d7b59a1b7726931280b199","side":"right"},{"sibling":"3d35b1452cbeb6aa9a921d423b9ca57bc9f779d0d83eb9b882f16f2b59784be2","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e825404a116b41412233a2207fc109236351f2e6faf83b758f28aabdb9538bee","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f89641a183daabc9fcbc4865bc7e52f357da14ede49f40c36171725f7896db56","side":"right"},{"sibling":"839519ea268e91770265c242a4fa1dafd684bd2bdfa9d5a52f61852ab9a0b890","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1dbd22a5fb822c5476cb7e180e8490d921621bc1cceb4d837ea2f04dcdffe7ec","side":"right"},{"sibling":"7afb932f161ff4724a1990887cc43d4adfc6ec58627f8a3dbdaf74b08b052856","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ec3fec9bb698cfe3c65d9f75111532c318eaa7e7c5b933ded046cea471e330ab","side":"right"},{"sibling":"929619d7bb5abd9d4c015f749565f8d43a371ed382bafe122457d67edb9b8323","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1290775fa2a1fe2079ed83a9c60b8cb479714b6312967daa62f6a91dbbe1cac9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"95977bf2fb44d423026e874e6c275f78b1cf48666d2c472c5e4603d16f4faf7f","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6b83879fdb76b5b7270071f1edfe4d1a059fa9b92653e70fc8c8893214b8f237","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ff49c1d8749b258f58cc33cfaf20d723098ed6860fb62a6779db960d6250915b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"34d85f6ad6cc7dfa79d90e2b9ff99a561bcdc75b0301bbbd3e83861f54535c1e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f302542c38ba7c3aab7c9280dd60259ecec777dca6e6f71b6f0729b0b8791b72","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d8b9143917b539c543cf4448cec00131f8b807bd8004979c54ebe09798748c66","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3ee6ab8db1878db0b324dd807ca233edd472899b8e90d2c5e018848ea5d12d99","side":"right"},{"sibling":"73a8d1605c15a74de720f0c54b5b4567e3eb8b5999bd8812dc66eedc461540fa","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":320080,"merkle_root":"1e159bceacfdb1f3c930dae410f8759ddc4c762abcfa4a257b150d6f44ab16e0","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260716T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-16T05:38:31Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"c1cd1fc5704d4fec4dee47b29a0e9877f8cfb41eb61dcfd783d82344a15f6e44d80d6cd5128849547b62fe9d9724fc71433319ab6030445b4ac1c9e6bf8a3709","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_3ddf52f75c69ba77a71d0dd75cc933e00f214344f86099908710fc323db735b8"}}