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More precisely, we either (a) mask activations, simulating dropout, or (b) add Gaussian noise to them, at a target sentence. We then ask a multiple-choice question such as \"Which of the previous sentences was perturbed?\" or \"Which of the two perturbations was applied?\". We test models from the Llama, Olmo, and Qwen families, with sizes between 8B and 32B, all of which can easily detect and localize the perturbations, often with perfect accuracy. These models can also learn, when taught in context, to distinguish between dropout and Gaussian noise. Notably, Qwen3-32B's zero-shot accuracy in identifying which perturbation was applied improves as a function of the perturbation strength and, moreover, decreases if the in-context labels are flipped, suggesting a prior for the ","title":"Language models recognize dropout and Gaussian noise applied to their activations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17465","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2604.17465v2 Announce Type: replace \nAbstract: We provide evidence that language models can detect, localize and, to a certain degree, verbalize the difference between perturbations applied to their activations. More precisely, we either (a) mask activations, simulating dropout, or (b) add Gaussian noise to them, at a target sentence. We then ask a multiple-choice question such as \"Which of the previous sentences was perturbed?\" or \"Which of the two perturbations was applied?\". We test models from the Llama, Olmo, and Qwen families, with sizes between 8B and 32B, all of which can easily detect and localize the perturbations, often with perfect accuracy. These models can also learn, when taught in context, to distinguish between dropout and Gaussian noise. Notably, Qwen3-32B's zero-shot accuracy in identifying which perturbation was applied improves as a function of the perturbation strength and, moreover, decreases if the in-context labels are flipped, suggesting a prior for the ","title":"Language models recognize dropout and Gaussian noise applied to their activations","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-05T04:43:28Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17465"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:f44e7f1c0833d44b179019742a6b25a34bb57b31aa4b96988ce91447f80b17a62250eb110c500561d1f12d666c13767487e47c437ce4d4d3306f532f94742d0b","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-05T04:43:28Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17465"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"9a5951608c694fb40f6e8cc68bd257b53b51a72cfc32b7e0755597b5db17fb56","leaf_index":114362,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"a9506680bd0c59ca9f05b3b81290d3c5e27b12ceeb7bc144ac79dfd3434e1719","side":"right"},{"sibling":"74c1570236440f74a2f5358706d19a74c959f5551278513907ccd81b98fc7068","side":"left"},{"sibling":"80917891e27ff8aba4689bd6da3f6097b81ac0945e70f37d3a2457b700e78998","side":"right"},{"sibling":"7bb8740d2e76345e669c3c674b418f06343f9d96c4434fefda1883c60855296e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1767aac7dc40f049abb36462d5c09ff84d204542f8a6b1b2a2208b91ca76a9f8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f10f8aaf284b0bc6a40e59a80100d89681d33e45e30b3601b0dc2b272a2d9ce7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"8d93413b71ef416d945411f76ceb942da4715d54accb63f2761b83bb6b41ddef","side":"right"},{"sibling":"cbcf8d239488334c83b4e4700b65758e992d56d579302bc08e5c2df1fa69ea5a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"17e21f83c86c2a86dddad911d22393ee81f41d8e0b79ef8c0c48668ea846f2ca","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8df6c69f776fbba620634f6baf125eeaa6fdf9426e461e649028010d9a703f42","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ea40d1bd0432ad4dd90f023c692aaab8c8f54e27ce652e82f2ec8e16cacfb632","side":"left"},{"sibling":"673cd6d27b696232f7f65e7a0733c7df6bc9fac3bcb569907ebb0de1c72c4bb2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"76d7c4385d71ae8104107105be66eddb792e01ed6e493db5a9b4eec5441abb76","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b03f005860bf95148ea89c703a32ca19ab7a2ca71b58bb628ff94a9edb8703b0","side":"left"},{"sibling":"21d1e30b556f553dc939fddc23e6367f0a7755ebe3dd489dc0001cef017beb7f","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f2817ab288b5324fe49770372c7a10f33f7cd11005f8d4c0a730316f5229dc98","side":"left"},{"sibling":"725fac972e772ca0dc598810ea1abc70df472f72d2d6ab8a0baee2b80e5d2f4c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"98fc57dfef8873b512edc8340f7181df57302bb96777625e072235c62d7c5895","side":"right"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":134292,"merkle_root":"77fc9c28fae777b81da5b495b3115474df6592dfac590333213d3bdf8b94a9b3","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260515T023701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-15T02:37:25Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"68107a834b00b24f5d4501e5ec727445311f132a486567ecc4c72a4e6dff24c8c21f2de3105293353ba5fdbe370d032819af6aa70f694e2e39b6af6737507009","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_48557020ca04a98b5eed7b0e516ed97f91706ae7cd9edad15a5a169d7128ee3e"}}