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Recent training-based multi-turn jailbreak methods learn long-horizon attack strategies from interaction feedback, but often rely on coarse trajectory-level outcome signals that broadcast uniformly to every turn. However, we find that turn-level contributions in multi-turn jailbreaking are non-uniform, phase-dependent, and target-specific. Such coarse outcome supervision induces a credit assignment problem, leading to over-rewarding redundant turns in successful trajectories and under-crediting useful intermediate turns in failed ones. To address this, we propose TRACE, a turn-aware credit assignment framework for reinforcement learning (RL)-based multi-turn jailbreaking. For successful trajectories, TRACE estimates turn-level contributions via leave-one-turn-out semantic masking; for failed ones, TRACE assig","title":"Not All Turns Matter: Credit Assignment for Multi-Turn Jailbreaking","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08778","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.08778v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: Deploying LLMs in multi-turn dialogues facilitates jailbreak attacks that distribute harmful intent across seemingly benign turns. Recent training-based multi-turn jailbreak methods learn long-horizon attack strategies from interaction feedback, but often rely on coarse trajectory-level outcome signals that broadcast uniformly to every turn. However, we find that turn-level contributions in multi-turn jailbreaking are non-uniform, phase-dependent, and target-specific. Such coarse outcome supervision induces a credit assignment problem, leading to over-rewarding redundant turns in successful trajectories and under-crediting useful intermediate turns in failed ones. To address this, we propose TRACE, a turn-aware credit assignment framework for reinforcement learning (RL)-based multi-turn jailbreaking. For successful trajectories, TRACE estimates turn-level contributions via leave-one-turn-out semantic masking; for failed ones, TRACE assig","title":"Not All Turns Matter: Credit Assignment for Multi-Turn Jailbreaking","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-12T04:43:42Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08778"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:e88d5e30c6569dab48dfedaa287e6a43ad1d72b8993c99432a2000b90d209edfa45958d3624fc05f3aabb771bb2ad5a5fb5708503d125e43af243bb856094305","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-12T04:43:42Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08778"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"a9a1ba65fc59d2ad2111b81426f43cb64122498b0a7f229d1287049bde2f328f","leaf_index":128273,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"d0b71738bfa8269165ddce54a878c20f376489fc6dc03ad8de2e5988bdaea53c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"8ab9fa3ef0633017e939cb178f8319cc4398a580bc2bab6d7e3297ba2f4ce8ee","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e2ec8a929ce4ea50c6d62daac08f06dec4eb055e7c6edae7f57d173a7676a791","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b0699e665c882bf50811d24bfd7844b51f0e67597f2dfb6cc54ef3032468eb7f","side":"right"},{"sibling":"16e8854317f2ecde494482b81c681b1014a97171afb656d588617eaa83c05153","side":"left"},{"sibling":"79887ccdee3cac201aa808169f330092829ec6bb893c35133d831e6deaaceaff","side":"right"},{"sibling":"36b72adf8f4027d1a6a05d7a02a6b5b374f1f82055a2144c22a6e8e86b961927","side":"right"},{"sibling":"606e431ab526a2729c7a10ae34c1890601117997719a643180d252ace34a222e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"aa3ddc60ad25fcdd4bf93520d8baeca26d807789d80fb0deffbb19c4f8882286","side":"left"},{"sibling":"077005bbaed7b42537914de0b512ed52d33243215eab288181aba807d37bf04e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c6eaf7a4fcab2db96e9e9423acb6922c80f64882d0f3f50d09e53a4807d23084","side":"left"},{"sibling":"df12eaabc0a370aff5d0488478f48d2b3f90d025c903643f98ea804b017688ec","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ffc4d51379293bc3e1910c7d612f409dc610fd9acf8241793fb89f82e1bad4ef","side":"left"},{"sibling":"62ac6554017807bd83187f5a3e5f4f72d6c482616429c2780e9fff1f4845fa04","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3a5e69cf0803f4c91f3895ed7c9a95748fef240bec4422e167c05300f79f06c0","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f2817ab288b5324fe49770372c7a10f33f7cd11005f8d4c0a730316f5229dc98","side":"left"},{"sibling":"725fac972e772ca0dc598810ea1abc70df472f72d2d6ab8a0baee2b80e5d2f4c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"98fc57dfef8873b512edc8340f7181df57302bb96777625e072235c62d7c5895","side":"right"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":134292,"merkle_root":"77fc9c28fae777b81da5b495b3115474df6592dfac590333213d3bdf8b94a9b3","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260515T023701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-15T02:37:25Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"68107a834b00b24f5d4501e5ec727445311f132a486567ecc4c72a4e6dff24c8c21f2de3105293353ba5fdbe370d032819af6aa70f694e2e39b6af6737507009","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_4a46ab2cb247f29690ba047443767329dc53478a4698a209adc9750125c57a57"}}