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Large language models (LLMs) now approach this through two routes: internalized reasoning and externalized agent scaffolding (frameworks that decompose problems collaboratively amongst multiple LLMs). To determine whether these routes are exclusive or complementary, we introduce MedicalAgentsBench, a filtered benchmark of 862 complex clinical questions drawn from the union of eight medical datasets via difficulty-aware curation and contamination screening. Evaluating three internalized reasoning models (DeepSeek-R1, o1-mini, and o3-mini), seven base models, and nine externalized agent-based methods, we find that internalized and externalized approaches each independently improve performance, and that their benefits compound: the highest accuracy is achieved by layering agent workflows onto an internalized reasoning mo","title":"MedicalAgentsBench for Complex Medical Reasoning: Comparing Internalized Reasoning Models versus Externalized Agent-based Frameworks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.07459","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2503.07459v3 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: Complex medical reasoning requires integrating heterogeneous clinical evidence across multiple inference steps. Large language models (LLMs) now approach this through two routes: internalized reasoning and externalized agent scaffolding (frameworks that decompose problems collaboratively amongst multiple LLMs). To determine whether these routes are exclusive or complementary, we introduce MedicalAgentsBench, a filtered benchmark of 862 complex clinical questions drawn from the union of eight medical datasets via difficulty-aware curation and contamination screening. Evaluating three internalized reasoning models (DeepSeek-R1, o1-mini, and o3-mini), seven base models, and nine externalized agent-based methods, we find that internalized and externalized approaches each independently improve performance, and that their benefits compound: the highest accuracy is achieved by layering agent workflows onto an internalized reasoning mo","title":"MedicalAgentsBench for Complex Medical Reasoning: Comparing Internalized Reasoning Models versus Externalized Agent-based Frameworks","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-17T04:43:17Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.07459"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:a871e8e9b264bc42b421aea9c347df65fd2903258e6525937e58cee415c947f2c1bd76fe10649332beb3875564c9f91b76486b3f6afe508f26b02c82c002460d","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-17T04:43:17Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.07459"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"ad1cc3cd25a752f544940a00a0f3a269d4cea2af217700f9e6e2c31d7865ee9b","leaf_index":231094,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"f95b2ab83f577e50f7b5e4d4e3870f745e4265e40cec5b5a4c731e706eedc598","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4d39ed817090b420404379f92194ff6c6ae275dbe3b53d194693c521c1a2f4bc","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3b0bd20b0db16822cd2d0b1168097a0eaff510d8c632853f1a0b19654788e409","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5bf55a6f5a3e34091459714b9c5485e1eab353127c7667426a5a635c366fc4ea","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9e93343062437c59cd3c716412cab7fddcab079861b305b91a12cd737e258ced","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5f01288ef6055ee1922c9fc778f2bdd1cc60262586f557ae4f0d4d07f511df9a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"7a29e65cf9321ea3076f41dd24fefc9d208bf9f0637cc281244597fdc0ef6c90","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f9fc1f172b9aaac5635bc943e16d4e16badadc9ca81e3f68212276c41230e861","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ebbec9ce4bf43a3f5f71e2c07df4c91301abefa2da727a4d748099a74e980bc3","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1d74941c32baeab8cad08f8700cb49427d8256f231534f2a225b2bb3e84e4ff8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d5b9f8b1a2c9f6a46e17982dfbe6ce1f3b5fa4e730220397f2253d114dcc8486","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d10d772a4984cae00e65ab24af21d1d260e475bbaae3f17871859eb705bd3999","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e79159853f2f35ddae8e3247d515e433c534277b287d65bbd77ae989aa4992fa","side":"right"},{"sibling":"3054319f1840cce0eaaf0bc4b1ae38e5bf8b6210927d924a750775cc7d77cca6","side":"right"},{"sibling":"0fd8b5059f279c4a4a6688de2472fdbc25543fee183df19b21dacca880354cff","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a04392fb9f2a3a620840e3b3fecd93d12e6d224e481c162389d8ae64e7194599","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c300cf0154c136afc09b1702a0be98f4ba5b6dc5cf57e8cc714ec1eaf4196eff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":232015,"merkle_root":"62bfb7809bb55667ad7eeebdb48267b9b2c1ee89bb808ea1e6d3a814a15aa402","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260617T133701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-17T13:39:59Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"930a3563c643cc7518d048b12a1f5392a96a5edce49533ba0a56f11b6cc69319bb1c800aacc46b52a6941c4d05dae255a45cac757d6093c971b96852c24f140e","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_4e93ada68a95fb889ceaedd396459a0da1ba421bf41157b3446cf6dc26862bb1"}}