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proprietary list compiled from both internally known and externally established sources. The same keyword-based approach was applied to the entire unfiltered corpus of Shell documents. To refine the results, Professor Oreskes used a large language model OpenAI’s GPT-4o, accessed through Microsoft Azure services via the secure Azure API (Application Programming Interface). This allowed her to filter out documents where think tanks were mentioned only in passing (e.g., in external newsletters or other non-substantive


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