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We study whether this physically grounded danger is the same safety problem as ordinary text-level content danger. Through hidden-state direction analysis and random-split null tests, we show that content danger (CD) and physical danger (PD) form separable signals in LLM representations across Qwen2.5-3B/7B/14B/32B, Phi-3.5 and SmolLM2. Building on the CD/PD separability, we propose PRISM, a single-layer L2-regularized logistic probe over full hidden states. PRISM achieves 86.2--87.7\\% accuracy on SafeAgentBench with 11.7--13.7\\% FPR, while same-scale LLM judges over-block safe tasks at 24.7--39.0\\% FPR. We further introduce PhysicalSafetyBench-1K (PSB-1K), a contrastive benchmark of 1{,}000 physical-risk pairs without direct harm keywords, to test whet","title":"When Words Are Safe But Actions Kill: Probing Physical Danger Beyond Text Safety in Hidden-State Risk Space","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15218","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.15218v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as high-level planners for embodied agents, where linguistically benign instructions can become unsafe once grounded in the physical world. We study whether this physically grounded danger is the same safety problem as ordinary text-level content danger. Through hidden-state direction analysis and random-split null tests, we show that content danger (CD) and physical danger (PD) form separable signals in LLM representations across Qwen2.5-3B/7B/14B/32B, Phi-3.5 and SmolLM2. Building on the CD/PD separability, we propose PRISM, a single-layer L2-regularized logistic probe over full hidden states. PRISM achieves 86.2--87.7\\% accuracy on SafeAgentBench with 11.7--13.7\\% FPR, while same-scale LLM judges over-block safe tasks at 24.7--39.0\\% FPR. We further introduce PhysicalSafetyBench-1K (PSB-1K), a contrastive benchmark of 1{,}000 physical-risk pairs without direct harm keywords, to test whet","title":"When Words Are Safe But Actions Kill: Probing Physical Danger Beyond Text Safety in Hidden-State Risk Space","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-17T04:43:38Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15218"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:2a6aa1006081429d3e8107814ad61cb49ffad43e53795b722d0b6f2943313b2332875b7901ea69c62c5c20227080ddcdef0d8176ba8599fba41e71156cf98202","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-17T04:43:38Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15218"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"2694cd882183f57ab3029fa1b6874b7838186aa84d49a61999d7e7be4668e388","leaf_index":323050,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"a657f3fbe1c09bba2af1cbf53e80b71d4706e6338a0e0a242670af4355a22fd4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"273664363caacc3b94a21d8f7d9e86b5e2f43a8a97b026980f658223d8b2ae87","side":"left"},{"sibling":"a698d0a9d2d66bd1a84f5c7db7d429b9f077b71222f126f91b82ecadc43fe526","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9afdab3e5fdc661f3ef77f5dddad08aaec0f3ca14dde31982bd010a05eb3be53","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ede0f9d78db7a7c9aa2547375a9f112043130139ad163f470b3c9b8c3cff1f42","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f4935e2c2f77b7da9433b98e135fe5e3ce776c72aa0f30e9f3f0db9633de8e85","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fa46cdb7cb881d614aa37b466168cf41201fba62306710750ffddfb495240293","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5944e6d0988d989a4ae4330320fe2633624339ee8db50eaa0d3fe8981ac982cf","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e90a96bd60cc2aad32b2969366989aa5d4e0c71aeb240044c7778cca7188dc3f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d7e66b08e4f129ea3ff266d25de4f974fe1f0d56e2fae2a6d3ae1e1565007da9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"05a09763743cdc09fc45cf454e4e3ea4a0d1cd74f9c8162b2a57e2c873160908","side":"left"},{"sibling":"de3120ef2488b8a791a686b47257da4e612256abdfcdda7519265e7edd47d041","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e86f56a4883492da5b5e7b0201324c52946e865e69b99ebb532f41fe3c658ee4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"34d85f6ad6cc7dfa79d90e2b9ff99a561bcdc75b0301bbbd3e83861f54535c1e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f302542c38ba7c3aab7c9280dd60259ecec777dca6e6f71b6f0729b0b8791b72","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d8b9143917b539c543cf4448cec00131f8b807bd8004979c54ebe09798748c66","side":"left"},{"sibling":"9b11714124b9b951ff9450b0ee9d625a0b70b6da2cf388bd3df1475eec0b17ba","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a4523a9014d45df43e006e9210a73428c380d771f2c650a1b986910759b0cdf7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":323382,"merkle_root":"2f4d32419c80a9600aba5a480fc3fb7012ec0a695c91a1b055048e78760b65ca","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260717T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-17T05:38:31Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"495308c7bf004117807331d3f71d0b079f6bd7ed7737faa58c773b1b3e80ee84928d2d8519cc7d2b809506501aada1be6546f72c7ecda3dad5445cbb44502209","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_6cebeb956d687c0907d4ec3ca69639d7c80a2cf2ca92a2d7d2458dbd6f78fcdc"}}