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This\n  paper closes that gap. We give a precise semantics for skill behaviour faithful to how a skill is consumed by an LLM-driven runtime (a deterministic script-side reachable\n  through a non-deterministic LLM-side), state the verification problem as a capability-containment property over that semantics, and present three composable methods that\n  together raise a skill from declared or tested to formal: (1) sound static capability-containment analysis of the script-side via abstract interpretation over a small effect\n  lattice; (2) a refinement type system for tool-call envelopes that mechanically rejects any call whose statically-inferred capability is not in the manifest's declared set;\n  (3) SMT-bounded model checking against the parent paper's biconditional correctnes","title":"Methods for Formal Verification of Agent Skills: Three Layers Toward a Mechanically Checkable Capability-Containment Proof","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23951","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.23951v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: The companion paper introduced a four-level verification lattice on agent-skill manifests (unverified, declared, tested, formal) and left the top level aspirational. This\n  paper closes that gap. We give a precise semantics for skill behaviour faithful to how a skill is consumed by an LLM-driven runtime (a deterministic script-side reachable\n  through a non-deterministic LLM-side), state the verification problem as a capability-containment property over that semantics, and present three composable methods that\n  together raise a skill from declared or tested to formal: (1) sound static capability-containment analysis of the script-side via abstract interpretation over a small effect\n  lattice; (2) a refinement type system for tool-call envelopes that mechanically rejects any call whose statically-inferred capability is not in the manifest's declared set;\n  (3) SMT-bounded model checking against the parent paper's biconditional correctnes","title":"Methods for Formal Verification of Agent Skills: Three Layers Toward a Mechanically Checkable Capability-Containment Proof","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-26T04:43:39Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23951"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:bb88385309bd5974a926128a62eefbdda3a1965098495a5fe54d46f55ed86dd9573b707acb9dd2ada35108be8935b4a93a36f8a7dac2bae5b110969469e40100","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-26T04:43:39Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23951"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"b78f3e1677f775d83ef028a1afa3a00d04d782800141e924e77d59b376fd5941","leaf_index":151310,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"b7745e2868a295cf1613862c46b01322b85fb0b8f9b7ef358cc2e230babc527d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d7b38ae3ca39e3015fa8cc051d77559595a0dcf850529f0aab8077278dc98c50","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ea7c4eede263c47e6679a39d12b3a4c199f97ed475196a972f6632d0b6712712","side":"left"},{"sibling":"771bfe09e035f93099d9fd26e5edba714d81f21346337c7deee59a59c469c2c6","side":"left"},{"sibling":"99632c966d574be17cbc599e6f8b42aaa8132f345760dc5757870f3918442546","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e1170472132a5bf945fa97169489cdcb989ae469470b68ca0b110228d0ebd22d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e5bcb64fb5869d64722cefc3be31e82a01b365efdec3937cfb54d8b941368e56","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8d693959d4763b28b351e1bc64d35b03213077740e93193dee0f2ab1f6459eb7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a808644c9a09dd75253c6c0ba9275dc94a6b6451ad5184ebdafda4a2722b36a5","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fdd22ebd87e5ba37d1153e47753a63818abb25df8fe45dbf735ba5c512c3355b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"cf593c482d17d202b94914915d0c65fb8713053548db64771d0ec5dbb404a07f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"134949308b15cffd6792ee2cf678119af34d69a64764d7c89cd47573c94e1cda","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e20a7391fed5b5f3b675af68344a3f5b050d6701e127b7db010af3941e59dfdb","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e5893793e3591ed7f5e58ca94ffcfba46bb30f69fb1c25d5ba8ef49eb99f9126","side":"right"},{"sibling":"35ca36cee447f0ef7064a25d55f59357c66901e31427729c4c1d8b14aa8adb6c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e3eecaf996dbe7229a7bb1d234c97aea97a252c5f7c89f8547b6d091db0f0e40","side":"right"},{"sibling":"55bcbd4da3e20d93931f7e58673f10232e81a5b1514d7396cb4b71e8f95788d0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":152106,"merkle_root":"ac5182c6f3dd09931f2a689df5f4be36df7b55e55bcf106e195671f5ed55fd8f","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260526T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-26T05:37:34Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"a401243fbd2c077d29a623c6ef616c78fbd5c8ce1930afa7af7165b2386e5a8cf15d5094983a1c962e71b27b911a3f3ce09c8cfab9393be2ce5ce8ee6513da06","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_6f2240332c94fca5ace0230f9e6794864cc30c44b9e835b4573605609d2f0645"}}