{"_canonicalization":{"envelope_id":"axm_ + sha256(envelope minus {signature, axiom_id, anchors})","envelope_signature":"ed25519(envelope minus {signature, axiom_id})","json":"sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False, allow_nan=False, utf-8","leaf_hash":"sha256(0x00 || canonical_json(envelope_full))","seal_signature":"ed25519(seal minus {signature, sig_algorithm})"},"axiom_id":"axm_6f584312224e140772627daa718c3b6523197ce89294a3ae639e124ef15b5511","bitcoin_anchor":{"bitcoin_attestations":[],"calendar_attestations":[],"ots_url":"","stamped_at":"","status":"pending_next_stamp"},"envelope":{"anchors":[{"chain":"crovia.axiom_graph","height":0,"merkle_proof":"spider_vendor_press_v1","root_at_anchor":"spider_vendor_press_v1"}],"axiom_id":"axm_6f584312224e140772627daa718c3b6523197ce89294a3ae639e124ef15b5511","axiom_type":"AX.OBS","body":{"axiom_subtype":"news.vendor_press.v1","category":"news","fingerprint":"c295c8973071ddfe5aa92534907e1ab51f68b81da61d3c37000d6ca81ecef33f","published":"Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 -0400","receipt_hash":"c295c8973071ddfe5aa92534907e1ab51f68b81da61d3c37000d6ca81ecef33f","schema":"spider.news.vendor_press.v1","spider":"vendor_press","spider_record":{"axiom_subtype":"news.vendor_press.v1","category":"news","decision_hint":"POSITIVE","envelope_target":"AX.OBS","fingerprint":"c295c8973071ddfe5aa92534907e1ab51f68b81da61d3c37000d6ca81ecef33f","observed_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11.219741Z","parent_run_hash":"a8aad7414ebb6b75c726f09cd673410576a7f87e191fbdb9ddac99e9b2b95a05","published":"Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 -0400","runtime_version":"0.1.0","schema":"spider.news.vendor_press.v1","source_status":200,"source_url":"https://export.arxiv.org/rss/cs.AI","spider":"vendor_press","summary_excerpt":"arXiv:2605.15688v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) are a fundamental tool for concept-based explainability in deep learning, yet their practical utility is limited by statistical instability. We analyze the stochastic nature of CAVs and the Testing with CAVs (TCAV) method, deriving the distributions of major CAV classes including PatternCAV, FastCAV, and ridge regression-based CAVs. We then identify a fundamental flaw in the standard TCAV score: its reliance on a discontinuous indicator function induces non-decaying variance in critical regimes. To address this, we introduce $\\alpha$-TCAV, a generalized framework that replaces the indicator with a parameterized smooth function, yielding a unified probabilistic formulation that subsumes both TCAV and Multi-TCAV. We characterize the induced distributions of sensitivity scores and different TCAV variants, showing that established state-of-the-art choices lack theoretical justification. We provide principl","title":"$\\alpha$-TCAV: A Unified Framework for Testing with Concept Activation Vectors","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15688","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.15688v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) are a fundamental tool for concept-based explainability in deep learning, yet their practical utility is limited by statistical instability. We analyze the stochastic nature of CAVs and the Testing with CAVs (TCAV) method, deriving the distributions of major CAV classes including PatternCAV, FastCAV, and ridge regression-based CAVs. We then identify a fundamental flaw in the standard TCAV score: its reliance on a discontinuous indicator function induces non-decaying variance in critical regimes. To address this, we introduce $\\alpha$-TCAV, a generalized framework that replaces the indicator with a parameterized smooth function, yielding a unified probabilistic formulation that subsumes both TCAV and Multi-TCAV. We characterize the induced distributions of sensitivity scores and different TCAV variants, showing that established state-of-the-art choices lack theoretical justification. We provide principl","title":"$\\alpha$-TCAV: A Unified Framework for Testing with Concept Activation Vectors","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15688"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:d91d0db2dc7b7f2cca85de80f58dc7401298706d78766dad222a09f524bb64c048c48a81e4860c359d2bf51cc5e99fa7fdf0a225d6eaf227e557276033296407","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15688"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"e5740b94113dbd71ac1d015404df726f84e99f52bf264ad5ef14562ff5b7b919","leaf_index":140627,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"c3a0791b6fc2c80e1681ec2696036ece284a75397056d471ff6be4a6114df0d8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ef311ce5a74d7357466e0bb59aa931ce7f0fb0f94b29437c940d4926f8804b8b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d8c1012c71da237c5e524f0fb8db85e5e8e5c3d7ad31b6a0c545a32bd8fda2dc","side":"right"},{"sibling":"21289643db785cc6889d478e26c4f17c7624d1656a2f48f4edc524971d2d0ce7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"881ee06c5782604997379d9b497fc9b0ccd5314987ae7564355e8d3dbd562c3c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"98d5140aed30c0c7d91961eb0b59182f26a7143dcf5fb8034051461962c32b58","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5c5831ea238589ca34ebaf3b0f0f0a78017dbf0ef2a7b97c29b6180efe9bafc5","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b29bcbd6adca3228d98aa21ca6aabf98e279340820cd7a960b41569223eebf29","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6bedf73520cf3dd8758d8bdedf3be245de9aea97abd42934aae25539176ae1b2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"07abc3bad689e74e6304772503dc9372a118e6f66883b8e88c43414efddac063","side":"right"},{"sibling":"28b78fb112bcf26b6801664db97eb8f52a9bccbf0a7ae6766e11845d443692df","side":"left"},{"sibling":"68d0a4634c1460a19c92edd9480df3aa733b814463e7420d1e14471bf61b2f83","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8af64f275b862349aa3bbb9d5cd7fa9a7fdd5620af3bf1b36b2a4519b0b53bdf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8f4c0fbe56b6c010fbb8c782ebcd478079bb3f991d8704e2534209a075d9163c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b98c2afadb358e5387e88f19588f8343a81b488d9b44a6f7e57a032db3a1b030","side":"right"},{"sibling":"11b0c1591747f09f7c8971a6caa19befcd81317ca9dfd417b143234df4e10c79","side":"right"},{"sibling":"87206f3bcc342797c990d87f7235c01f78d32ca59cfaf8ad18d71afc879ba477","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":140892,"merkle_root":"6cca56ead155990456b8a014cc50bddbe710f409b26e3d1bfa6fb12b0bfcf6bf","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260518T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-18T05:37:30Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"1e1135f7595f79b14fb11f5fa81a2e17ad31b11b44b427a5e40a7d511cd86447daf492babd368ab571cf26404c8c74c450d460130fca4b064eb2760367489a0f","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_6f584312224e140772627daa718c3b6523197ce89294a3ae639e124ef15b5511"}}