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We compiled facility-level information on 403 US hyperscale data centers operating between May 2024 and April 2025 and estimated their electricity consumption, electricity sources, and attributable CO2 emissions. Across different facility-load scenarios, these HDCs consumed approximately 68-99 TWh of electricity and were associated with about 37-54 million metric tons of CO2. Under the central scenario, HDC electricity demand corresponded to approximately 1.8% of total US electricity consumption, with roughly 54% of attributed generation supplied by fossil-fuel sources. The HDC electricity-weighted average carbon intensity was approximately 545 gCO2/kWh, about 48% above the contemporaneous US national grid-average carbon intensity of 370 gCO2/kWh.","title":"Assessing the Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption of U.S. Hyperscale Data Centers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05420","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2606.05420v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: The rapid proliferation of hyperscale data centers (HDCs) in the US, mainly driven by the adoption of artificial intelligence, has raised concerns about this industry's environmental footprint. We compiled facility-level information on 403 US hyperscale data centers operating between May 2024 and April 2025 and estimated their electricity consumption, electricity sources, and attributable CO2 emissions. Across different facility-load scenarios, these HDCs consumed approximately 68-99 TWh of electricity and were associated with about 37-54 million metric tons of CO2. Under the central scenario, HDC electricity demand corresponded to approximately 1.8% of total US electricity consumption, with roughly 54% of attributed generation supplied by fossil-fuel sources. The HDC electricity-weighted average carbon intensity was approximately 545 gCO2/kWh, about 48% above the contemporaneous US national grid-average carbon intensity of 370 gCO2/kWh.","title":"Assessing the Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption of U.S. Hyperscale Data Centers","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-06T04:43:19Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05420"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:7ae8446c5f145a4b983c2768c1c5a25acce896dc5026a02b542ae3a195b06908b366d98b2eb9b027c07663f718d6d7f6e95a7f6c72855e6e01c5824dbe832203","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-06T04:43:19Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05420"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"740d643ab133079a4b7587a14c420b786399489cb8b4a4c5b111a70a34795099","leaf_index":219154,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"2359a1ea99a14883337aae28de64bd891e7e364e5ebe3fafe8dc521ae11d5daa","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5f9d196d433702032425714d3bde6d8c9fd61b7a2e8f534bd92f99868bc3ca9d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b110e8a09f7610018f2d4e27a8bbb9518a85231534eacdc9d9ce01fccf8914b7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"bfd2d0a218edaf2d97b9af5482157f8ac5cb6437a0e14d02379a8aa037a261ed","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4c8d0e96dadb6005b53ce8aa239ebce7717ab4f4273bc3d6266fce0b68dc8a55","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ec3aa694e7bd0a03f3308082b53a0d6bed93a003ed53cfec895dbad3b005b6d0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ba0c0435014270951b6af7e23fbaff30fe8272fa4125f24fa90e4bbd06a8dd89","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8f35ffd1b994bec37a9cc24e0047790f92b64b006d85bef48f319d6d28a40687","side":"right"},{"sibling":"bd0dfa76bed61a2c5e95135a7304a2b8c4fd064958dbf768664232880d0abaa5","side":"right"},{"sibling":"84d2509eab51047589142ed6da8c496305d2fbcbe148e0e6755163db2c7a4bc4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9e3ea17e834fab022f2eabcfedb8ea0ac95c1f9fb57edc5004dded68522d3c9e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"41d58fea95a95071715ee23ef8bcd15f5867a3639da28e62a0641bc95eb83094","side":"left"},{"sibling":"27ad9d6a9ab792d708709017242a61b9ca519da4e035f87a342811aae221d000","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5f303e2a7840c60038ff2d035b1cd911feefb0fba880de2d737c6671ace594d4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b2590791b920ca2a4ed39de126d2c0b1a10d9e7e62f572f12425f214e767b6e1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1a61eadbf0217d063ab78291ccafdc0c92907f7d6ccdc3357534ef89f07d78ae","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c300cf0154c136afc09b1702a0be98f4ba5b6dc5cf57e8cc714ec1eaf4196eff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":219672,"merkle_root":"d3e32d3a61ca02ce6b1f0b2db86721107770b250e8a5bf762a2c225d2f03c870","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260606T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-06T05:38:35Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"dab214c2d4d857f01383c8e93a521a774b1aba60eaee5677d4e43e4074f0342b2c6a9b9bfcff0eba74f7ac81fcb490dd0e43727979c1a7e8979c7e11547fb101","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_706bbcf984a279ca54dd5ca3605cae55bbbfd742edfa6f3b0e23d978de3aad5d"}}