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To date, most approaches tokenize symbolic music as sequences of musical events, such as onsets, pitches, time shifts, or compound note events. This strategy is intuitive and has proven effective in Transformer-based models, but it treats the regularity of musical time implicitly: individual tokens may span different durations, resulting in non-uniform time progression. In this paper, we instead consider whether an alternative tokenization is possible, where a uniform-length musical step (e.g., a beat) serves as the basic unit. Specifically, we encode all events within a single time step at the same pitch as one token, and group tokens explicitly by time step, which resembles a sparse encoding of a piano-roll rep","title":"BEAT: Tokenizing and Generating Symbolic Music by Uniform Temporal Steps","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19532","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2604.19532v2 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: Tokenizing music to fit the general framework of language models is a compelling challenge, especially considering the diverse symbolic structures in which music can be represented (e.g., sequences, grids, and graphs). To date, most approaches tokenize symbolic music as sequences of musical events, such as onsets, pitches, time shifts, or compound note events. This strategy is intuitive and has proven effective in Transformer-based models, but it treats the regularity of musical time implicitly: individual tokens may span different durations, resulting in non-uniform time progression. In this paper, we instead consider whether an alternative tokenization is possible, where a uniform-length musical step (e.g., a beat) serves as the basic unit. Specifically, we encode all events within a single time step at the same pitch as one token, and group tokens explicitly by time step, which resembles a sparse encoding of a piano-roll rep","title":"BEAT: Tokenizing and Generating Symbolic Music by Uniform Temporal Steps","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-29T04:43:58Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19532"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:b03596cc019faa7d723feba587bd932cca0460d1409e14a4b66324023a653502fcc360479773bb0690c2e2c184e8f1ca91a1b1b4379484758f1fc574ec0fb30e","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-29T04:43:58Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19532"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"1b7ef3be3ed2bdd340ed117bfd6709cd0a95444151eda91dbd639131588f200f","leaf_index":158153,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"bae6bece3e3857194301e4463b990cabd4a47557ec12cda0ca1101b4d88ba0d8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1747ac1a4bd6b3534f2820e6c701d79385a8b4f566196f8c5852018e2500813b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8ba742178928a2ed89b5dd3f1d9b67fe61990c4a341ad29e8db71570f7076bf1","side":"right"},{"sibling":"236aa2d91ff966ca76f3365dd33c45b8e071bac54c3bfdc37239cf0190b2b2d2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3a4a0a42f7e7534be0464d5953fe7b1e180556890dd33fa75de61c18df816028","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6cdda38b15191f258aeb0dcad31a49823191d9be28cb42bfa3793dfd48952b6c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"2496d8181c3184c4ea7973d99293dedbb754d677261137e3c8c5546635804645","side":"left"},{"sibling":"463d4726f68bda2bbf724c72553fd53d88ea99a3d4a713f9b8a1b2d9fde12933","side":"left"},{"sibling":"002471ff5893cd2a2890119cbfe4a9456bfb46cf31fa6aee377650afe6ae0c92","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1dcc44e23fbb0218b13591e4b584eca3600dcf365769cb741e0ecd33b25b8c56","side":"right"},{"sibling":"fcf16a6f44025801f5b83e928acce764352ddbc06ae3043d8cde9a409933e6d8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"78982294dee68f9db9288c64d7e507c7865fda96e1b6f7ccff5c8bb152e93c49","side":"left"},{"sibling":"995b421824624a8282c7f44e64c64ee35344800f477ae1845b41be14d3fab94c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"66331bac84ca0f8983eb09fac7eaf95af234f1b82680b793eabff4ee25caac40","side":"left"},{"sibling":"35ca36cee447f0ef7064a25d55f59357c66901e31427729c4c1d8b14aa8adb6c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"eef0e8906a749d3470f89beeedc723f37a5737010bbb0dcc7cf91515338e5a3e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1a07e481a9407d71aad078ce854cdeee362163c887fe10f889b0ecf0b5e749ad","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":158251,"merkle_root":"485e6b31fe60c8beba5b394808c7e4c32448b2ff65c2482c480ca0e2a2eda718","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260529T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-29T05:37:37Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"bbf9f005201182fce4f9d94c7a9d01a508b56daf7d9611bd73514f5f616bc059d0e5e1f2edfc95716e6fe08ef5fae38b558cbf7f2fd8f9d5dfe4c34a54c83005","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_70b20bb0676bb7868e2faa38d5b32d2139a92d25b2989a6fe9b77ec368b30c72"}}