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But it remains unclear whether this persuasive power advantages accuracy, or if bad actors can just as easily use LLMs to promote misbeliefs. Here, we investigate this question across four experiments in which participants (N = 3996 Americans) discussed a conspiracy theory they were uncertain about with an LLM we instructed to either argue against (\"debunking\") or for (\"bunking\") that conspiracy. Across several frontier models (with standard guardrails but prompted to allow lying), we did not find consistent evidence of a truth advantage: the LLMs were able to both substantially increase and decrease average conspiracy belief, and participants in the bunking condition rated the LLM as more informative and collaborative, and reported greater trust in AI, than those who were in the debunking condition. More encouragingly, however, debunking indu","title":"Large language models can effectively convince people to believe conspiracies","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05050","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2601.05050v3 Announce Type: replace \nAbstract: Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be persuasive across a variety of contexts. But it remains unclear whether this persuasive power advantages accuracy, or if bad actors can just as easily use LLMs to promote misbeliefs. Here, we investigate this question across four experiments in which participants (N = 3996 Americans) discussed a conspiracy theory they were uncertain about with an LLM we instructed to either argue against (\"debunking\") or for (\"bunking\") that conspiracy. Across several frontier models (with standard guardrails but prompted to allow lying), we did not find consistent evidence of a truth advantage: the LLMs were able to both substantially increase and decrease average conspiracy belief, and participants in the bunking condition rated the LLM as more informative and collaborative, and reported greater trust in AI, than those who were in the debunking condition. More encouragingly, however, debunking indu","title":"Large language models can effectively convince people to believe conspiracies","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-17T04:43:38Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05050"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:97f31f7ab581a09b9246a69586497f9d9a9933088cb9fadb210afc483f132b2a6918fe9f542cf1f4df97699d89438f0a16789463e9be03d9e1ba2b0d9e24a30e","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-17T04:43:38Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05050"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"0cb8e70f3ae9206036eccb12307829d2d606185e5c33e44992bfaa2f8bb5185c","leaf_index":323185,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"fc25bc42d3fb4434e8455649f4bc63d1bec171ea618ccbd55447f5b78413c2d8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6ef128a0101af1fa956bcd5e8b4fce343b67f603d0aaa12b4792d44e6387061d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"97edacccb0052197fd977b2b3a39cedb87aaeb42069c503f8725b888f44fd7eb","side":"right"},{"sibling":"80f5bad79209cef3443440037d8c51fa5f9a584f294fb7781bb5635489926500","side":"right"},{"sibling":"43762f5297f1a9ad4b405571d2739158e92f0d62faec0cb5884f84fb597bedf1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"00bd52f3534c19833a0f638a09d0c0670180e59cb7ba9a2aeb3b4c000ac66696","side":"left"},{"sibling":"65f8a681723598b39869e2bf9640e4e77ef6eea44f85f6f14b4e77bf40cd5f40","side":"left"},{"sibling":"de6ef12c0ebc7e3e48430c64265163103eb92448efd698dbc2b104ada5a5389d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4242cc570ec8c36a37f3f6f20dcae20b49fccc17c7b53ba47d8715e465bec585","side":"right"},{"sibling":"be025f48721bfc0ca7107f0454bda3ab460e50539f0caeb1bf839a8dabcf036c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"05a09763743cdc09fc45cf454e4e3ea4a0d1cd74f9c8162b2a57e2c873160908","side":"left"},{"sibling":"de3120ef2488b8a791a686b47257da4e612256abdfcdda7519265e7edd47d041","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e86f56a4883492da5b5e7b0201324c52946e865e69b99ebb532f41fe3c658ee4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"34d85f6ad6cc7dfa79d90e2b9ff99a561bcdc75b0301bbbd3e83861f54535c1e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f302542c38ba7c3aab7c9280dd60259ecec777dca6e6f71b6f0729b0b8791b72","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d8b9143917b539c543cf4448cec00131f8b807bd8004979c54ebe09798748c66","side":"left"},{"sibling":"9b11714124b9b951ff9450b0ee9d625a0b70b6da2cf388bd3df1475eec0b17ba","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a4523a9014d45df43e006e9210a73428c380d771f2c650a1b986910759b0cdf7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":323382,"merkle_root":"2f4d32419c80a9600aba5a480fc3fb7012ec0a695c91a1b055048e78760b65ca","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260717T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-17T05:38:31Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"495308c7bf004117807331d3f71d0b079f6bd7ed7737faa58c773b1b3e80ee84928d2d8519cc7d2b809506501aada1be6546f72c7ecda3dad5445cbb44502209","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_83820138be61949e571c555156956bbe77cae23ff21bdc058dcee25b4b8d6da0"}}