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We investigate this question through the lens of activation steering: injecting concept vectors into a model's residual stream and measuring whether the model can accurately report on the perturbation. We first show that the binary detection paradigm used in prior work -- prompting the model to answer Yes'' or No'' to whether it detects an injected thought -- is confounded in small models, as steering biases the model toward affirmative responses regardless of the question content. We therefore propose two confound-free evaluation paradigms: sentence localization (identifying which of $N$ sentences was perturbed, chance $= 1/N$) and strength comparison (identifying which of two sentences received a stronger injection, chance $= 50\\%$). Evaluating across six models from two families (Llama-3.2 and Gemma-4), we find that models as small as 2B par","title":"Introspection Fine-Tuning (IFT): Training Small LLMs to Introspect","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14111","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.14111v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Can small language models detect and report on perturbations their own internal activations? We investigate this question through the lens of activation steering: injecting concept vectors into a model's residual stream and measuring whether the model can accurately report on the perturbation. We first show that the binary detection paradigm used in prior work -- prompting the model to answer Yes'' or No'' to whether it detects an injected thought -- is confounded in small models, as steering biases the model toward affirmative responses regardless of the question content. We therefore propose two confound-free evaluation paradigms: sentence localization (identifying which of $N$ sentences was perturbed, chance $= 1/N$) and strength comparison (identifying which of two sentences received a stronger injection, chance $= 50\\%$). Evaluating across six models from two families (Llama-3.2 and Gemma-4), we find that models as small as 2B par","title":"Introspection Fine-Tuning (IFT): Training Small LLMs to Introspect","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-17T04:43:38Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14111"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:5fe32080f155ae4df1498f71749444e4873f79bc1eed7732900041c4a906cce915114c02da3190506ef23fd03c5bc9194b4be1cf9800843211e001011965a203","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-17T04:43:38Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14111"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"4db359e42d90f7ec079a2e4605c51eb7e9a5fd5c941dcaf95ef1ddef67c9a8f0","leaf_index":323066,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"6bdc37b9d0495763c344f6ee8e99bad743ce402c42019f04d51fdc9faf1845ee","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a3bf4914c53f139c49f3fc572ba27a18cee00ba49ea17d42fa5a0a734f39feb7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"524725ea8df3ba72edfd773b6bb336b160a8e40ee6970a1cc9a9d050c637fdb8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"7477fb3dc300b9a20678a49866a886214f688112a10d9a0ba9a23dcd0668c457","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1f5263709dd2d0784570142a5bb0c2ded78cab588dab919bd3e872f4bc8508b1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f4935e2c2f77b7da9433b98e135fe5e3ce776c72aa0f30e9f3f0db9633de8e85","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fa46cdb7cb881d614aa37b466168cf41201fba62306710750ffddfb495240293","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5944e6d0988d989a4ae4330320fe2633624339ee8db50eaa0d3fe8981ac982cf","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e90a96bd60cc2aad32b2969366989aa5d4e0c71aeb240044c7778cca7188dc3f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d7e66b08e4f129ea3ff266d25de4f974fe1f0d56e2fae2a6d3ae1e1565007da9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"05a09763743cdc09fc45cf454e4e3ea4a0d1cd74f9c8162b2a57e2c873160908","side":"left"},{"sibling":"de3120ef2488b8a791a686b47257da4e612256abdfcdda7519265e7edd47d041","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e86f56a4883492da5b5e7b0201324c52946e865e69b99ebb532f41fe3c658ee4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"34d85f6ad6cc7dfa79d90e2b9ff99a561bcdc75b0301bbbd3e83861f54535c1e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f302542c38ba7c3aab7c9280dd60259ecec777dca6e6f71b6f0729b0b8791b72","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d8b9143917b539c543cf4448cec00131f8b807bd8004979c54ebe09798748c66","side":"left"},{"sibling":"9b11714124b9b951ff9450b0ee9d625a0b70b6da2cf388bd3df1475eec0b17ba","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a4523a9014d45df43e006e9210a73428c380d771f2c650a1b986910759b0cdf7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":323382,"merkle_root":"2f4d32419c80a9600aba5a480fc3fb7012ec0a695c91a1b055048e78760b65ca","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260717T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-17T05:38:31Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"495308c7bf004117807331d3f71d0b079f6bd7ed7737faa58c773b1b3e80ee84928d2d8519cc7d2b809506501aada1be6546f72c7ecda3dad5445cbb44502209","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_86b544ca828b57c704eaf77c08ee123ded371c3d41567f5bda73742cfd2ee28d"}}