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However, existing evaluation protocols typically assess these dimensions in isolation, thereby obscuring critical failure modes. To bridge this gap, we formalize Robust Individual Fairness (RIF): under semantic-preserving (truth-condition-preserving) perturbations, predictions should remain both correct with respect to the ground truth and invariant across semantically equivalent individuals. To surface RIF violations in practice, we introduce RIFair, a black-box adversarial framework that leverages a decoupled perturbation strategy to construct semantically preserved yet unrobust and/or unfair instance pairs. Experiments across multiple model architectures and real-world textual datasets show that robustness-only or fairness-only metrics often miss R","title":"Perturbation Effects on Robustness and Individual Fairness","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01356","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2404.01356v4 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations that can simultaneously degrade prediction robustness and individual fairness across diverse application settings. However, existing evaluation protocols typically assess these dimensions in isolation, thereby obscuring critical failure modes. To bridge this gap, we formalize Robust Individual Fairness (RIF): under semantic-preserving (truth-condition-preserving) perturbations, predictions should remain both correct with respect to the ground truth and invariant across semantically equivalent individuals. To surface RIF violations in practice, we introduce RIFair, a black-box adversarial framework that leverages a decoupled perturbation strategy to construct semantically preserved yet unrobust and/or unfair instance pairs. Experiments across multiple model architectures and real-world textual datasets show that robustness-only or fairness-only metrics often miss R","title":"Perturbation Effects on Robustness and Individual Fairness","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-01T04:43:38Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01356"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:ccb10630f2082c15890c2accf7a9cca957d4ddfadd3a588a5299209dbe50d4b04f97a44afae23d9344bd2326ded793b7c46e41f8b256382bfa50d2911162160e","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-01T04:43:38Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01356"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"66a51dd9886e6e5f211c54ef80545191ea6ee475bbe8e137db30d7d07aab2b0e","leaf_index":268659,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"72d76ccd5a06d529af1dd7181b5ce8b67d2459aad885bd27a83357a4a22203ed","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3f6aceec0c331d30701572b186661f2fa366873d63610eaa9893c124a04d7bdb","side":"left"},{"sibling":"da81e9e15bcfa5fecd5daafd4cc1ccf663938f0e0c3bac29f3f15f219c3e3170","side":"right"},{"sibling":"46b271f04652565a430a1afe8ac6911ed63670692594df0dd8fac752ff47c852","side":"right"},{"sibling":"65672f56f6ed21aadf59957c0da4389950bbd60870dba031c5c71ef438a2f52e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"7caf50a8d663be3d397380d87998b2f8be0601e4f183578903035b3b15cf798b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"0eb4eb96022242f95e819116ec215f97662a006e19b7a97219e1ee83a96f4d60","side":"left"},{"sibling":"09d2631e35e497faf605540c596009624dcf181a796c7acf51592f060eb3f046","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4b14e8ccae46b588748944ffaf410222f66cebc2ac58d936cbe16847b7be9508","side":"left"},{"sibling":"bbd9a20451913e8c7b910f616d5661d9b281a94af70d201ba50b3112d429521b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"85af80e45748c1e0da1e2f42d9d66da8996016888a034f20eb17ff0a73b69eab","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4575fde969d1d9a2984cc01a37ac8441238f74527d42874272dc5582dadebb4f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f536de281672cbf0b583a3dc46faef1de2823b72bd9265c7b60e889131cc268d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"95b8b0f67237052a17c41fa8cbdce2b79bcb5aeeba3fdb239d4c4497e598115d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c2f351f771cee329448890504d9436792ba482e50250ca9a19289311131f96c8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c39bfb2e911ca37ae997690bfc04128ae32e6806ee1cb3908781a7e6685022a0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a101b4c60ef6854ac3d750eef02d8e2e06c153284b5ecb7111302f97eb129797","side":"right"},{"sibling":"eae2a3de5cb35455ad60125e196cfadaba8a590c53146e95028469f53f70349c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":268860,"merkle_root":"d098f25810d0569730b6c0e170d57f329a70359d483b47874b5f2fc51d23de65","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260701T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-01T05:38:05Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"64f37f0e3df0556baa55b924a736cab8005643fa0ab65b503f22407de30eab293e6e0bd62904270fda38d05084bb350c8c0d0aadb2c5a6bae5f1c54598e6d30c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_89be0cc83568c191f6e7095d9e6459c8d4920edb033a0541ab046485dac9f118"}}