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We introduce \\textsc{Minionese}, a multilingual jailbreak benchmark spanning 18 languages, 4 resource tiers, and 4 perturbation types (standard translation, code-switching, transliteration, and translationese), paired with a geometric mechanistic analysis of refusal failure across language tiers. We show that each attack type produces a distinct vulnerability profile: transliteration vulnerability is mediated by script identity, code-switching maintains effectiveness through the lowest-resource tier, and a sharp safety regime transition between Tiers 2 and 3 is consistent across all models. Mechanistically, low-resource jailbreaks succeed by routing harmful content through a geometrically misaligned subspace that projects insufficiently onto the refusal d","title":"Minionese: Comprehensive Benchmark and Mechanistic Study of Multilingual LLM Safety","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10112","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.10112v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Safety alignment in large language models remains brittle across languages: prompts reliably refused in English can elicit harmful compliance in non-English and low-resource settings. We introduce \\textsc{Minionese}, a multilingual jailbreak benchmark spanning 18 languages, 4 resource tiers, and 4 perturbation types (standard translation, code-switching, transliteration, and translationese), paired with a geometric mechanistic analysis of refusal failure across language tiers. We show that each attack type produces a distinct vulnerability profile: transliteration vulnerability is mediated by script identity, code-switching maintains effectiveness through the lowest-resource tier, and a sharp safety regime transition between Tiers 2 and 3 is consistent across all models. Mechanistically, low-resource jailbreaks succeed by routing harmful content through a geometrically misaligned subspace that projects insufficiently onto the refusal d","title":"Minionese: Comprehensive Benchmark and Mechanistic Study of Multilingual LLM Safety","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-14T04:43:37Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10112"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:46b784b982d5894adc06e21bfc22550d599b76b4fc23628ed7a7ede3900fb9bf34b3c2f42f6d0014c9c2fbd082ce4302a56cfe66c47058534e3cfbbca826f507","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-14T04:43:37Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10112"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"6029a1e6f40279104c0b983755bb190a2e74262363d81307645b795c23513dbb","leaf_index":312952,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"fde429e7adf0fb263b0e11b98903ed7eb4145369dbf6d449225e377e4b56efe7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"af93a6cfbcfa12301441ab3b45e48496ac9c8031491785438c4c0a48a2243cba","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a511cc84be98b95cd227b593eec01446caa26b71fb4a91a8ac5eae99bac76cfe","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1028f49b5f29b06be05ce563d126514ddd6ddec3395976742eb9a420f58dfdc7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"cf21c8881f93617ab0042039d5e87f37285ffb27e3e6890274789d91037b9088","side":"left"},{"sibling":"0f1e167786159f48f4d1ff2741ab4f34eba4d16b79aa4a1f6c8070e57067e9a3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fccac03eef6676a6350a95afcd277425f87c0fc8ca6ed34e68a7f13c01eec848","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b6420221ab220053217910d6a61ccf0d6e8ca1f1eb9e0cc40a25723c21042168","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ca17e703a3fca19bfbb090cbed9e2450594a9c237665dd9a566195d3ef3072f7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8393dc03644000353c5d503b6ec261c022cd2aa85a649223916153bc8af2dc75","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1627ce6908965f2e5fbc7c16bc8e247867478c587014561d0de1359dc2dc0afc","side":"left"},{"sibling":"74e1ba9fd48bdd0f52777dd5b56c10706e73f42629013748eca13ef113cd59db","side":"right"},{"sibling":"682fd39539db5bce908d0ab6f180374728fed6b34a9a8c87c7b4eb5a726e30b8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"184927f71d667ac0c6ebeadb33394626973738b9107c6dc3c0c4949b44acf295","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f302542c38ba7c3aab7c9280dd60259ecec777dca6e6f71b6f0729b0b8791b72","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d8b9143917b539c543cf4448cec00131f8b807bd8004979c54ebe09798748c66","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c4c189d79669979b59d9aa976ee249c54a7e065b4a05bf49463459cc7f37428e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"19475e206bdf2698769a286db2c97c4d3f089741319f9b29a139038c6e511975","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":313381,"merkle_root":"5f7d48580373d0ab0bc6bdf34f26de442f9a86d130946f7ee45addd1a55cb9f4","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260714T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-14T05:38:23Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"97364224142ed1b2a8925fed1bfba2e0a8a6a15f8ca0999b934846ad83584a78c7f0f5cd09dbc1c938b35383fcc5c8fa4b723118e30916628879d1c5fd3a9908","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_97384d5767b98245a9bf3cd4a827dfe41a5c3f8cb394201cd90e795f3051d5ab"}}