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In practice, reported gene panels are stabilised by averaging, ranking, or taking consensus over the many models a pipeline produces across cross-validation folds, tuning grids, and repeated runs. This raises an overlooked question: when two models achieve high accuracy, do they rely on the same internal logic, or reach the same outcome via different mechanisms? We introduce EvoXplain, a diagnostic framework that measures whether a pipeline's explanation is uniquely determined across repeated training and model selection. Rather than analysing a single trained model, EvoXplain treats explanations as samples drawn from the training and model selection pipeline itself, without aggregating predictions or constructing ensembles, and examines whether they form a single coherent e","title":"EvoXplain: When Machine Learning Models Agree on Predictions but Disagree on Why -- Measuring Mechanistic Multiplicity Across Training Runs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22240","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2512.22240v5 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: Machine learning models are primarily judged by predictive performance, especially in applied genomics, where explanations are read as biological findings. In practice, reported gene panels are stabilised by averaging, ranking, or taking consensus over the many models a pipeline produces across cross-validation folds, tuning grids, and repeated runs. This raises an overlooked question: when two models achieve high accuracy, do they rely on the same internal logic, or reach the same outcome via different mechanisms? We introduce EvoXplain, a diagnostic framework that measures whether a pipeline's explanation is uniquely determined across repeated training and model selection. Rather than analysing a single trained model, EvoXplain treats explanations as samples drawn from the training and model selection pipeline itself, without aggregating predictions or constructing ensembles, and examines whether they form a single coherent e","title":"EvoXplain: When Machine Learning Models Agree on Predictions but Disagree on Why -- Measuring Mechanistic Multiplicity Across Training Runs","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-07T04:43:08Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22240"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:66c1d333df6e94a333c410dec994ef7cb440b005e2b0d29b83ef13e71c752f34e4416620d8a054e5f58ce9e889e73ef00773ab16f89c49222915ef923c043607","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-07T04:43:08Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22240"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"693d27b022f196c7a8de4217699f6c918f632bbaa5790414db54050dcc0e07f6","leaf_index":289337,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"8bbce3c0d5b84a750fa4a0b5b666a1b1c138cd906043a117de5aa26a6cae2990","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f9bb9ed45f50c7c79e0c0203ea3287a37a6fcfffb560b8717684d968720b0045","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d5515c87a3c85a942ed50acb7c9ced8400256ee035c59bd932436b6d58838544","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a665abed95db2caf28d9cb4e53f24c70503c6442f9502108cce9775cb972e50d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5088afb28c4ea88a043353747ce1ac979fb87f722a99c7d6014da3119fbe55d1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d1422b26237b6cf5a71fc460d53f2cb1dc251d817539e53c19da1fbe5dc05d7f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"03859ecdcaf1a28affa4dcbc6f1891bba5976217b215c0347fa290d7bbad3c65","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5adcd5a480e23093dce11f4b3900b046cf6185bd037ccd9881856faa29f08083","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f6a26c200957df5b056969d2ac473b7e794709bf54454460f447a4af62c6bd58","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c6f2478caecaf381e6b06b04f99195339b88d0db4da957bf2106979ee4a0375c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"19d6dfd29bc47f35fa02e8fe765277ba9cc3e6da5072309f24ebaac5b5f295e3","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8e0ad7889eb2d4b40e5b6c3d8e2eb19d4e202374983f468aa76321823de07a9f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"aae716235efcb893a1f219dbcd5095070d08a497769fc6d50c14976aa26d5750","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a75ab4319e241beeddb1b3f5705febe0422937926c3479923ccfb0b0082fa4e3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"bd04fa605f883bfb2b81510d045b1e85e555a03da3be083619f61384dfe40ff8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"1b72ad8d12164fdf329e7871711be99d8569d140b21f94056e6962da21da9ce1","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5f5109c2bfdcc7a7e70554bba25862e2d7ce86b6b0cd48a72eb66d2eb735f321","side":"right"},{"sibling":"05fd8a05dddb2e7f72bbb5b290ca55c378f1aed709f132277908d9a5f30eb605","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":289613,"merkle_root":"dc428b9d9ba248d4f93f63147bf7c700bf5be7f500cec6c3507b9df6e9401601","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260707T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-07T05:38:15Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"c468b0e183383ab71992be40bda451093e6cd8cd8efb0d26f68e135a804b287c209d12a0f4fdd95c69c835c04b78df8cb1903dee1f53d4730b36f5332a29fe05","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_997b202db1cf2f93ff7ae72ef6bbc957586722689dde96965d9cb97feffa2740"}}