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We show they interact: a compliant persona gates refusal. In Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, we extract a compliant model-persona direction and a refusal direction and intervene on both. Compliant persona steering suppresses refusal -- in Llama, the refusal rate falls from 97% to 2%. Reintroducing the refusal direction partially restores refusal at late layers but not at early ones. Projecting out the persona direction in a late-layer window restores it to baseline; projecting out a random direction does not. Refusal is therefore gated at the late-layer expression stage, downstream of where it is computed. Treating refusal as a single isolated direction misses its dependence on persona.","title":"Refusal Lives Downstream of Persona in Chat Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.26161","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2606.26161v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: Linear directions in activation space have been identified for both refusal and persona traits in instruction-tuned chat models, but the two have been studied as separate mechanisms. We show they interact: a compliant persona gates refusal. In Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, we extract a compliant model-persona direction and a refusal direction and intervene on both. Compliant persona steering suppresses refusal -- in Llama, the refusal rate falls from 97% to 2%. Reintroducing the refusal direction partially restores refusal at late layers but not at early ones. Projecting out the persona direction in a late-layer window restores it to baseline; projecting out a random direction does not. Refusal is therefore gated at the late-layer expression stage, downstream of where it is computed. Treating refusal as a single isolated direction misses its dependence on persona.","title":"Refusal Lives Downstream of Persona in Chat Models","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-26T04:43:58Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.26161"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:80dfca89b23c8ed4954fb5d98e43b6c8f2b1f63239d6853ef767c2bcb4a32b9c07c9a6546479e6d1322336da39201c96bb7e6b99c277c2f5aea1a612e012fd0e","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-26T04:43:58Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.26161"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"00d4b1d2b723189d0a3906100f774a2623d5b245b4f70a8abf74cf28d5a9f920","leaf_index":250990,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"a01c4d340b1e9f048ef39314e49ddc907fea87af913a462f874fd9af8007051e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"21c782d4150e5e19001b2b716b80c1e7d46c0ecabd10950d355c217de63c3d5f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"a4c6a10aa4bc6547d359d368144eb50d7eac94b9a7f7f1c9ee8373123d772de7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5aa8302814d1a017fa580a7ceaee19e678b4345e596aa274e0683a0fbae119a5","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ee36393315dffeabb45c6cfd2ccc68c04a57eb20cbb36cf49273a1492a294518","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4f1fc30d2ead841c09e8f8a39c12fefa8ec71bfbac1d897c26417298dbe5c0a3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e024d2047c8a507c60ee07f0cbb3f1e294a31cb5e88a7488ef6c24ca001d9867","side":"left"},{"sibling":"573cf16f56231534464edb4e567979912bc2fb827e66e2941dbe15183a7824c2","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e276c2896e885a069398e8350a2d9aae49ed0ab34771e352045341312283b40a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b6709caadc8510310ee2ec0b66d1058fcad31c91c65cc2bad6f46a693d553580","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a72c3b8804a37d1a9d18e02e6fdb048bc8ea6b0746909cd2de10bdbabc793737","side":"left"},{"sibling":"803703dc2c50a646fa77b57c0056e9a5126611ba4bcde0d6013ccd6b2d44bdbf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e78f244b1b8df6d5e3fdc6dd76b5c27d4e6fe3b93b8cd61355497b63d7e4cfe8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6167cb552ed6871fbf0afcf3db01d1017af7d472b136fcbe5404d1df09f41cc1","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f29798d8bb6aa9900eab878992d9ff0c53266debd87472f31ab26a6a3fb55880","side":"left"},{"sibling":"a04392fb9f2a3a620840e3b3fecd93d12e6d224e481c162389d8ae64e7194599","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c300cf0154c136afc09b1702a0be98f4ba5b6dc5cf57e8cc714ec1eaf4196eff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":251380,"merkle_root":"e042805d07cd8dc777d49695ad78b8d4ec9721df271ff0245d7706773c30b4a5","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260626T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-26T05:37:59Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"c68a6e827804771acd244208495c5e35c6f417307db3c76192f038dedaa5b5f86e019074a3bea353357ff7457924c4f7907832638bb9a4d3d18e7a7f50c6a10b","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_a20a87e4b5fe93bcd290086fef993786873ab7f2000eedba689a98f881dec519"}}