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EU copyright doctrine applies a broader standards: substantial similarity, which extends to stylistic choices, narrative structure, and creative elaboration. This mismatch between what current methods detect and what the law protects leaves a significant compliance gap. We introduce PSALM, an LLM-as-a-judge framework that operationalises EU copyright doctrine through ten evaluators assessing computational overlap, stylistic dimensions (writing style, narrative voice), content dimensions (character, plot, scene, world building), and statutory exceptions (parody, pastiche, quotation, sc\\`enes \\`a faire). Applying PSALM to Llama~3.2 models fine-tuned on translated historical Dutch literary works, we find that: 1) instruction-tuned models exhibit non-trivial baselin","title":"Probing Stylistic Appropriation using Large Language Models: An Evaluation Framework for Copyright Infringement under EU Law","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31250","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2606.31250v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Large language models (LLM) trained on web-scale corpora generate output that may infringe copyright, yet existing technical safeguards focus narrowly on verbatim memorisation. EU copyright doctrine applies a broader standards: substantial similarity, which extends to stylistic choices, narrative structure, and creative elaboration. This mismatch between what current methods detect and what the law protects leaves a significant compliance gap. We introduce PSALM, an LLM-as-a-judge framework that operationalises EU copyright doctrine through ten evaluators assessing computational overlap, stylistic dimensions (writing style, narrative voice), content dimensions (character, plot, scene, world building), and statutory exceptions (parody, pastiche, quotation, sc\\`enes \\`a faire). Applying PSALM to Llama~3.2 models fine-tuned on translated historical Dutch literary works, we find that: 1) instruction-tuned models exhibit non-trivial baselin","title":"Probing Stylistic Appropriation using Large Language Models: An Evaluation Framework for Copyright Infringement under EU Law","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-01T04:43:38Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31250"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:e4ed8ef095f1730855e55d9023964deeaa8d70b81c981f8b806c5ab286f000a5ad6b3a2654a25cc3fb84baa1db04e6138ab1cf4729c453c0bc1ad2cfae48ba09","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-01T04:43:38Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31250"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"d4256df332deb5bcfd22e7d91d5e497d11e6ef6d211c77ba41b43632ad60ffaf","leaf_index":268547,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"89df2692c24d3fc0db71646903cc147a9db3b84b1fe194f308f5ae6dcc832b72","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b019442e550c4a38d8875dd2cbf76e36c76cf22ea0be8c0fef09dc5b24aa20f0","side":"left"},{"sibling":"9ad56d8a397231fc5fd3baf0c7cc78dad1d45e90369f444ba8f84121c02db703","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ccae8c8f4c543d6c2545b3c584294c6cd26c49a60caac17a8e0d22bc1c00fc8b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b8a04be0253ea3b510f85e02d817c449ac608e48c0dd12c773dd0c409d2dc0d0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"55d5f1affa4a9cb8d200ee98281b9e7ab4a9f9d3dd99346028f8f69d2be2bd4b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"2a620d13de3a2b5aae1d09dc3d2444c6ce65b72ca418c36b1f888ad307fce367","side":"right"},{"sibling":"09d2631e35e497faf605540c596009624dcf181a796c7acf51592f060eb3f046","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4b14e8ccae46b588748944ffaf410222f66cebc2ac58d936cbe16847b7be9508","side":"left"},{"sibling":"bbd9a20451913e8c7b910f616d5661d9b281a94af70d201ba50b3112d429521b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"85af80e45748c1e0da1e2f42d9d66da8996016888a034f20eb17ff0a73b69eab","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4575fde969d1d9a2984cc01a37ac8441238f74527d42874272dc5582dadebb4f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f536de281672cbf0b583a3dc46faef1de2823b72bd9265c7b60e889131cc268d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"95b8b0f67237052a17c41fa8cbdce2b79bcb5aeeba3fdb239d4c4497e598115d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c2f351f771cee329448890504d9436792ba482e50250ca9a19289311131f96c8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c39bfb2e911ca37ae997690bfc04128ae32e6806ee1cb3908781a7e6685022a0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a101b4c60ef6854ac3d750eef02d8e2e06c153284b5ecb7111302f97eb129797","side":"right"},{"sibling":"eae2a3de5cb35455ad60125e196cfadaba8a590c53146e95028469f53f70349c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":268860,"merkle_root":"d098f25810d0569730b6c0e170d57f329a70359d483b47874b5f2fc51d23de65","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260701T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-01T05:38:05Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"64f37f0e3df0556baa55b924a736cab8005643fa0ab65b503f22407de30eab293e6e0bd62904270fda38d05084bb350c8c0d0aadb2c5a6bae5f1c54598e6d30c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_a5ab65061a9b3237c41bde46f1a7605a5f52ae027e7fe7ee4051c08032937645"}}