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Despite rapid progress, KD-based unlearning struggles with biased deletion due to suppressing specific token sequences as a substitute for complete knowledge removal, whereas DR-based unlearning risks the re-emergence of harmful knowledge because the underlying knowledge remains intact. To address these issues, we propose Distinguishable Deletion ($\\mathrm{D^2}$), a paradigm that restricts the response distribution in the latent representation rather than specific tokens to erase undesirable knowledge, while distinguishing it from retained knowledge, enabling a refusal mechanism to handle unlearned inputs safe","title":"Distinguishable Deletion: Unifying Knowledge Erasure and Refusal for Large Language Model Unlearning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16776","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.16776v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Mitigating sensitive and harmful outputs is fundamental to ensuring safe deployment of LLMs. Existing approaches typically follow two paradigms: Knowledge Deletion (KD), which erases undesirable information during training, and Distinguishable Refusal (DR), which steers models away from using sensitive knowledge during inference. Despite rapid progress, KD-based unlearning struggles with biased deletion due to suppressing specific token sequences as a substitute for complete knowledge removal, whereas DR-based unlearning risks the re-emergence of harmful knowledge because the underlying knowledge remains intact. To address these issues, we propose Distinguishable Deletion ($\\mathrm{D^2}$), a paradigm that restricts the response distribution in the latent representation rather than specific tokens to erase undesirable knowledge, while distinguishing it from retained knowledge, enabling a refusal mechanism to handle unlearned inputs safe","title":"Distinguishable Deletion: Unifying Knowledge Erasure and Refusal for Large Language Model Unlearning","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-19T04:43:36Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16776"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:4a09358b0d9f240b223cfe1b988466f849b450a323b7b3ff1a5d63a60dd90b815956431e2bcf69be54749b2f0bf49f8d8cd9da09f396f8ad4a8b64b9aece9c0b","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-19T04:43:36Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16776"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"a5cacdadc295e4373c66fcf245df63d6a4a097165a56e9fba195405ca10340a1","leaf_index":142640,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"0dea634c1b4bb00ece7ca95e3b68370c362c20476f08c39eb1b679b646719e01","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e1bb571a5b4ec57a161b61f4024786d78e1a8907670b19c4e40841f2ae2dfd8a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"97ebb3740f7b6f4d962ec3494f6e688213d080769ffdb0200a5e9cd55884d294","side":"right"},{"sibling":"77197695a9fcc0879ece8881c9e6663756ddb8a108bb115cb4de2fba5a26aeee","side":"right"},{"sibling":"05cbd2d882d5b173de653577c32a81db3c3fd0835c30eb055d6dac5a138bbb60","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d4a39fb3bfea767fa296ac8a64d492f56f7e036300aa1b1e95b9875173f523f8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d1699c63b2a3c9d160a7dad72120a688f97fd9b9cc8ea79fe409f9e6aaaa5bbc","side":"right"},{"sibling":"0681a3895a908b2cd98c077a0abe5cdd8542f0ecb3a6294a35366c915b2e2e3e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f1c796d3bd453570426dcee9ab20072f19762202f84b7993afba2c7c0ee9ec3b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"2e0ce989d789c88e796991ef014ce7e4e1f96c0d4ede9da8d31afcf5ba6a8f46","side":"right"},{"sibling":"202f1bead178ef3785968d50d3d188264a95192a077654c331612e04a34cbfbe","side":"left"},{"sibling":"72249c8c8b068386e35d16f4bd0bbeb9ba820ca217ef0f0d28396c9fe493f5f0","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ea64599340f7ffdf17ad0cbc1d9401ef8870a347e3847bdc106d06b1673df09c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8f4c0fbe56b6c010fbb8c782ebcd478079bb3f991d8704e2534209a075d9163c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4db1f363729507e27a60851cf6ed334d7b9acdef194ed7d419aba4d2bd367a4a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a86ee18c45e7fcc408b6007eaece05aa75b2d9ae30252e9e878462b4dffbef7b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1d18e7663d43ccff0122ecc7ee12645bb16afb607b218e81b1ea2408f863cb78","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":143302,"merkle_root":"999156d40a7c61d9ddd52b7338f3cbda3e68f53bace070c7b616ea194e23b123","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260519T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-19T05:37:30Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"b1a252cc66ff32bed1d10dd88a6b2a200e3856d3dbcfcc4ee55e02e00f3d548e854ed9c544704b222bd5d315492c4a935ba2d90d727c585a67899b0ad602fc05","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_ab592eeb9aa4dc3f84689acb78ccab620744b99c7b40c0a71469bcd2c32dfc7d"}}