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Classical time-dependent concession frameworks use a fixed shape parameter $β$ that cannot adapt to these updates. Deriving $β$ from the live spread enables adaptation but introduces a new problem: a pricing shift can cause the formula to retract a previous offer, violating monotonicity. LLM-powered brokers offer flexibility but require expensive reasoning models, produce non-deterministic pricing, and remain vulnerable to prompt injection.\n  We propose a two-index anchor-and-resume framework that addresses both limitations. A spread-derived $β$ maps each load's margin structure to the correct concession posture, while the anchor-and-resume mechanism guarantees monotonically non-decreasing offers under arbitrary pricing shifts. All pricing decisions remain in a deterministic formula; the LLM, when used, serves only as a natural-language","title":"Anchor-and-Resume Concession Under Dynamic Pricing for LLM-Augmented Freight Negotiation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.20732v1","vendor":"arxiv"},"summary":"Freight brokerages negotiate thousands of carrier rates daily under dynamic pricing conditions where models frequently revise targets mid-conversation. Classical time-dependent concession frameworks use a fixed shape parameter $β$ that cannot adapt to these updates. Deriving $β$ from the live spread enables adaptation but introduces a new problem: a pricing shift can cause the formula to retract a previous offer, violating monotonicity. LLM-powered brokers offer flexibility but require expensive reasoning models, produce non-deterministic pricing, and remain vulnerable to prompt injection.\n  We propose a two-index anchor-and-resume framework that addresses both limitations. A spread-derived $β$ maps each load's margin structure to the correct concession posture, while the anchor-and-resume mechanism guarantees monotonically non-decreasing offers under arbitrary pricing shifts. All pricing decisions remain in a deterministic formula; the LLM, when used, serves only as a natural-language","title":"Anchor-and-Resume Concession Under Dynamic Pricing for LLM-Augmented Freight Negotiation","vendor":"arxiv"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-03T16:20:09Z","notes":"Spider arxiv_retraction (research) research.arxiv_retraction.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.arxiv_retraction","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.20732v1"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:31f7908b0ac40f390e0619d27c03c158c1e75e28b29e397dea7db77e24183a3519b5802c9c85165ffa0c86982bb8f4f0fd78369587f6e386bec111dce3b70a03","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-03T16:20:09Z","source_collector":"spider:arxiv_retraction","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.20732v1"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/research/arxiv_retraction_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_arxiv_retraction_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"ac34627d1c08f32e88b5c75d3b98c730183d1866a80eae8f74c49ce3915848a6","leaf_index":111916,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"05576242ed9b7c86054f8853ccbaa82da92281ddb862ed998857e4f5d66e4ada","side":"right"},{"sibling":"2dd6707ee5aa6c3e6bb0e00ab847305fb64046afacf5b7a080654b164955502e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"593f721946398c83cbabaa816ccea48d545dc81e7da587c79889767362d3dd3a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"7e84be101b10ed7f7f3ad19666a192973769ca9e1157ea50838491e878c335b8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"10b0f0a0792a177d3cd8828854a8949a2ca3dbcbe001e0b554f451f37d895633","side":"right"},{"sibling":"787e416b9f66536a62992df40e090f8c704839faf8301403b2d1bc76052ed5c5","side":"left"},{"sibling":"19b85bdc8998a840b5999169743b627ed26d5e26bd05a788142a0e4fbfe2a2dc","side":"right"},{"sibling":"0994d51d2178913b0e3ac7346ceed16c5ea436d841a8e7f28a99362fa269bad0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"015d2ce3c58c7a790ad078159267c63cd54f9ae7e20530115a6a423419cefe22","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5bcdb02d4310fc8bfd791789d990714b0a10f44358ffa98c446f1755352c49b8","side":"right"},{"sibling":"cf8897e1feec248f5d05e2cafec4f8c2739e2005227d28b5ccc8cfa11ed66ee4","side":"left"},{"sibling":"a6d6e5bc888edc394757fbba02b675bac6ad0831e36a6f5ebbaa4e5548f25603","side":"right"},{"sibling":"76d7c4385d71ae8104107105be66eddb792e01ed6e493db5a9b4eec5441abb76","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b03f005860bf95148ea89c703a32ca19ab7a2ca71b58bb628ff94a9edb8703b0","side":"left"},{"sibling":"21d1e30b556f553dc939fddc23e6367f0a7755ebe3dd489dc0001cef017beb7f","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f2817ab288b5324fe49770372c7a10f33f7cd11005f8d4c0a730316f5229dc98","side":"left"},{"sibling":"725fac972e772ca0dc598810ea1abc70df472f72d2d6ab8a0baee2b80e5d2f4c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"98fc57dfef8873b512edc8340f7181df57302bb96777625e072235c62d7c5895","side":"right"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":134292,"merkle_root":"77fc9c28fae777b81da5b495b3115474df6592dfac590333213d3bdf8b94a9b3","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260515T023701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-15T02:37:25Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"68107a834b00b24f5d4501e5ec727445311f132a486567ecc4c72a4e6dff24c8c21f2de3105293353ba5fdbe370d032819af6aa70f694e2e39b6af6737507009","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_acfde228cc7768161fd5a4b428c5425e998da691de3486c108b23640a3e60f05"}}