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We audit over 1.5 million occupational personas generated by four major large language models (GPT-4, Gemini 2.5, DeepSeek V3.1, and Mistral-medium) across 41 U.S. occupations. Comparing these personas against U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, we find that models generate demographics with less variation than real-world data, functionally compressing each occupation toward a dominant demographic profile rather than representing population-level variation. A shift/exaggeration decomposition reveals the structure of these distortions: White (-31 percentage points) and Black (-9 pp) workers are consistently underrepresented, while Hispanic (+17 pp) and Asian (+12 pp) workers are overrepresented, with stereotype exaggeration amplifying existing occupational segreg","title":"Generating the Modal Worker: A Cross-Model Audit of Race and Gender in LLM-Generated Personas Across 41 Occupations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21011","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2510.21011v3 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: As generative AI tools are increasingly used to portray people in professional roles, understanding their racial and gender representational biases is critical. We audit over 1.5 million occupational personas generated by four major large language models (GPT-4, Gemini 2.5, DeepSeek V3.1, and Mistral-medium) across 41 U.S. occupations. Comparing these personas against U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, we find that models generate demographics with less variation than real-world data, functionally compressing each occupation toward a dominant demographic profile rather than representing population-level variation. A shift/exaggeration decomposition reveals the structure of these distortions: White (-31 percentage points) and Black (-9 pp) workers are consistently underrepresented, while Hispanic (+17 pp) and Asian (+12 pp) workers are overrepresented, with stereotype exaggeration amplifying existing occupational segreg","title":"Generating the Modal Worker: A Cross-Model Audit of Race and Gender in LLM-Generated Personas Across 41 Occupations","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-03T04:43:57Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21011"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:8012c59a5cbdb768c2ed687df33548cf6131e98420152fa59cd8a01aeb7fcbc3d4f3aceebee51720cc895de51328a87696c9b5e6604d03f5ddb81e1d250ba30c","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-03T04:43:57Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21011"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"fb940b9b01c549c938133f027017f97a6b9b79ed1f7721b8ae625a35239e6c91","leaf_index":209368,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"5a64f4524b3edb9f7f1f2b1793395ab5f7c46a387197671f2f326ba78316d08a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6e11d39475f29ec757b45c621c4081887c0b23b775de7d0224a25c5b7aab1fe9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"15b924c9d6b1feb427e9aa5ab7df19374a5ca5aabab113d4a654ae250371a822","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9e9423c842f1bef5c8a5cb4d62d7ca7587267680b2a519aea3f46067dee53119","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c313b2e8e6593f0e7f507a794fc2d8a73674d008a27f254d1b08e7b989947bff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"bd14a772dcd407dd7e446b9cf5ebf24212403b77bc303138a188d574dc373e18","side":"right"},{"sibling":"7da1b473a08b0a4a7f63995d2dced6393b05b5b6fdd61a212d604cd6a4203d63","side":"left"},{"sibling":"768ffa75e0a020ca1e4038beeef0da5c26e64a7ba3a0528188d49b4d35664067","side":"left"},{"sibling":"2b9867040ec52d22722edc26b204e15651723dcc66d361cc1af11490a854d461","side":"left"},{"sibling":"2abcec6d14b256f82b270a3141886de6129141dec525543607b760f02588a877","side":"right"},{"sibling":"2b6b45743f97ac502854e489ac38a3366f8ae7ede58a2728b45daadbf29e9d03","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a81babbd79ea0da9e030dd7f43bffb6519d214317decd50727bea4e78189d970","side":"right"},{"sibling":"2dca509b3eb767a47cf215d4315f230ce9103a76264412008ae23a349b519ef1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"24d1bb4b13e0e46131b27b70a48e65fcf4e2e14b95e3bb83ade821e9df530f6b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"8d3baa674a45fd8bc6d3e8d25298f4bec86c72fa8259d576c330d12955c7b4f7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e32819d1eff909db08066d1703f2db3f091cddac19378b2c0c625ab11e3fdbc0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c300cf0154c136afc09b1702a0be98f4ba5b6dc5cf57e8cc714ec1eaf4196eff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":209569,"merkle_root":"c852efc8ad7dfffc196c71380f79e6398bcaf566974cbae7c9950b0f600d5bc8","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260603T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-03T05:37:57Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"1ca417607effc813341721cfdade0a2d2d4ba96a90d361dbc3e864b6991b90abc326ec41d9ba3e7110cc04adb29d7b8d95abea7ff2ab8c591b2f864ed7270c03","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_ae398a4cff2d379ebfb8d7f1c9c30eb4476ebabf160241170e65b793068b05b3"}}