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This workload is usually described as memory-bandwidth-bound. Each decode step streams model weights and the active KV cache, so latency should scale with peak HBM bandwidth. We show that this account is true but incomplete. We measure batch-1 decode for three 7 to 8B-class GQA transformers across four NVIDIA GPUs: H100 SXM5, A100-80GB SXM4, L40S and L4. We evaluate context lengths from 2048 to 16384, producing 44 valid cells under a controlled bf16 SDPA setup. The achieved fraction of peak HBM bandwidth falls as peak bandwidth rises. On the headline Qwen-2.5-7B ctx=2048 cell, an L4 reaches roughly 81 percent of its analytic memory floor, while an H100 reaches only","title":"Memory-Bound but Not Bandwidth-Limited: The Physical AI Inference Gap in Batch-1 LLM Decode","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30571","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.30571v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Physical AI systems, including robots, autonomous vehicles, embodied agents and edge copilots, often run a different inference workload from cloud LLM serving: single-stream, batch-1 autoregressive decode, where one robot, camera feed or user session waits on the next token. This workload is usually described as memory-bandwidth-bound. Each decode step streams model weights and the active KV cache, so latency should scale with peak HBM bandwidth. We show that this account is true but incomplete. We measure batch-1 decode for three 7 to 8B-class GQA transformers across four NVIDIA GPUs: H100 SXM5, A100-80GB SXM4, L40S and L4. 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On the headline Qwen-2.5-7B ctx=2048 cell, an L4 reaches roughly 81 percent of its analytic memory floor, while an H100 reaches only","title":"Memory-Bound but Not Bandwidth-Limited: The Physical AI Inference Gap in Batch-1 LLM Decode","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-01T04:43:13Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30571"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:2bd4dec68f678dd845b8f673db0164c32909110463f2dff4a72ae351a4d33aeab6c23d2da35cdc88c6e57c7e3981a715cf0b5cd44de3da16f2725008aca49106","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-01T04:43:13Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30571"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"abe70628450c325f9c0a2d5280b58f93a7aa4b9b99527010d097089b88abb5c3","leaf_index":163837,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"449c92ed5075a57a56f2af39e8e57e71e1a5ff2f9b7e3699fe59d9e383dcef0a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fc644bf17eceefa0466ec7372a2e556a2d7635428507e42f2d727f36918f022e","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c6e40d2a4499561493872b1568e5285da43a7ff7ced092b5a87a4659d0a086d1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3768a10bc566886e5d4e900a7bdb7aa03041e2fdbf823ddcd6029c3d1aa2752a","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4d05c1d10ce177e734550afbe0158142b54cf93075855777c739ec460dad2756","side":"left"},{"sibling":"a8f314233e57d9b2e1f73a238db7bf336c4b3b1673499ca02aeae9337c8cb49b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6f506d4e4c7fb170ea5ab20efffbcbb69464bf6db4cde5e90925fede53e31584","side":"left"},{"sibling":"764e4312cdb701ef8613acdc2311e1724d6a379f21c70c30ed832e7ede3d2d33","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5a0517e6c348bc5a70f1aef04c1415d23980c712e375838fff54dfa281f98760","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d6986f4b6a5bd07cba1de43f660d527af780ad1465d0f4af5f137bd514e95f7e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"aff54f89d4445cf32bb05b2ece532d190200cb92524489ddfa648b5cc36e21a4","side":"left"},{"sibling":"f028fad1771bff7dceff3a83baf90249f4eb410ebedfe92dda1bb2b89d7093c8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"59c6490072e8a1d357ece10bb08d7f449a3acbae58e130e3e7469cbea0314c65","side":"left"},{"sibling":"66331bac84ca0f8983eb09fac7eaf95af234f1b82680b793eabff4ee25caac40","side":"left"},{"sibling":"35ca36cee447f0ef7064a25d55f59357c66901e31427729c4c1d8b14aa8adb6c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c9ac00eed8c475f1e525869bb329af03d052181b19ff8234edefe12f6ecec154","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ce41d9b82f34b16efd653dfb3552acc4e2512939e47903e5fc979fbed00c5764","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":164217,"merkle_root":"a1098816aea1b60b8fe37b62410469bc5024a2c335bbec4f6ef2add7875dbdf2","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260601T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-01T05:37:41Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"d7f91db1d54b9495c499440c2828f4bd53360555391ce6e25adea5183bc1fa0f697d80708a099d0b0429e6f8cb6c71e7fccf82acb3c84481149974fb26074708","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_afbdaf9ca46423456f34c0243b08884a0bf7b0597b3afa095c8d3679e9d5d66f"}}