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Our theoretical analysis abstracts away from the specific content of the context and depends only on its length. We prove that as context length increases, RoPE-based attention becomes unpredictable and loses two properties that are central to its effectiveness. First, it loses its locality bias: RoPE is no more likely to favor nearer positions than substantially farther ones. Second, it loses consistency in token relevance: a key vector that receives a higher attention score than an alternative at one position may receive a lower score at another. In both cases, the probability of failure approaches 0.5, no better than random guessing. We further prove that the attention score can remain unchanged when a key token is moved to a different position, or even replaced by a different token, indicating a failure to dis","title":"RoPE Distinguishes Neither Positions Nor Tokens in Long Contexts, Provably","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15514","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.15514v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: We identify intrinsic limitations of Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE) in Transformer-based long-context language models. Our theoretical analysis abstracts away from the specific content of the context and depends only on its length. We prove that as context length increases, RoPE-based attention becomes unpredictable and loses two properties that are central to its effectiveness. First, it loses its locality bias: RoPE is no more likely to favor nearer positions than substantially farther ones. 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We further prove that the attention score can remain unchanged when a key token is moved to a different position, or even replaced by a different token, indicating a failure to dis","title":"RoPE Distinguishes Neither Positions Nor Tokens in Long Contexts, Provably","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15514"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:1bf7676596caae7a993ceddf6f5dff3a39068cd49f0eb3536799c36c5ab2f43834157d736d909a35bd24e97d49ae916d731ea1a55e3358859608908ffe54e207","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-18T04:43:11Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15514"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"a7058fb908e3af6739d21b22f92637ae052e1ea3b7d6859fa09292a4180f1062","leaf_index":140602,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"f0ce565cfe7fd3eb22085f6f83b1c01f3d8a567e9cd2524e6efcc263a94df54d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"3450717811aa3eead788f59b15e0737256471fd936f89c5c2fb2106dca12ce20","side":"left"},{"sibling":"0a09904e42adf8f4f2809577c0eb09035c6cbf04e3a82cf93c25ff82b47a452d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"71ef9300e262d1e6ed25185ace4341fe987be9eea9904cac8bad5f0e07ede2b6","side":"left"},{"sibling":"0551cbed3e7733911f61abb1cad0de066350643e8f458ff37514208a2b41936e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e927ee761b610b6646108660a1c36882541add1974b059be960ba3967a40c96b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d10f43d638e7e4b5fe1190bff28b23af4dede5ac008b59c8c88d6e509f8c5960","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b29bcbd6adca3228d98aa21ca6aabf98e279340820cd7a960b41569223eebf29","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6bedf73520cf3dd8758d8bdedf3be245de9aea97abd42934aae25539176ae1b2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"07abc3bad689e74e6304772503dc9372a118e6f66883b8e88c43414efddac063","side":"right"},{"sibling":"28b78fb112bcf26b6801664db97eb8f52a9bccbf0a7ae6766e11845d443692df","side":"left"},{"sibling":"68d0a4634c1460a19c92edd9480df3aa733b814463e7420d1e14471bf61b2f83","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8af64f275b862349aa3bbb9d5cd7fa9a7fdd5620af3bf1b36b2a4519b0b53bdf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8f4c0fbe56b6c010fbb8c782ebcd478079bb3f991d8704e2534209a075d9163c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b98c2afadb358e5387e88f19588f8343a81b488d9b44a6f7e57a032db3a1b030","side":"right"},{"sibling":"11b0c1591747f09f7c8971a6caa19befcd81317ca9dfd417b143234df4e10c79","side":"right"},{"sibling":"87206f3bcc342797c990d87f7235c01f78d32ca59cfaf8ad18d71afc879ba477","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":140892,"merkle_root":"6cca56ead155990456b8a014cc50bddbe710f409b26e3d1bfa6fb12b0bfcf6bf","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260518T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-18T05:37:30Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"1e1135f7595f79b14fb11f5fa81a2e17ad31b11b44b427a5e40a7d511cd86447daf492babd368ab571cf26404c8c74c450d460130fca4b064eb2760367489a0f","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_afdb4545d5f3aade461e49572ddb7585d3d212a623cc3ff1835da7390a43f637"}}