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For such features to support reliable interventions, manipulating one feature should not substantially alter the effects of others. In practice, however, feature entanglement leads to interference such that localized interventions can have unintended downstream effects. Motivated by the \\textit{Independent Causal Mechanisms} principle, we propose to constrain internal features to be almost orthogonal. We argue that this promotes modular representations amenable to causal intervention. We formalize this problem by characterizing the gap between an idealized isolated intervention and its realized effect on model outputs in terms of feature interference. We upper-bound the propagation of feature interference in terms of the self-coherence of the feature dictionary, and relate this","title":"Towards Isolated Interventions via Almost Orthogonal Features in Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04718","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2602.04718v3 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: A central premise in mechanistic interpretability is that meaningful concepts in language models are represented by linear features in activation space. For such features to support reliable interventions, manipulating one feature should not substantially alter the effects of others. In practice, however, feature entanglement leads to interference such that localized interventions can have unintended downstream effects. Motivated by the \\textit{Independent Causal Mechanisms} principle, we propose to constrain internal features to be almost orthogonal. We argue that this promotes modular representations amenable to causal intervention. We formalize this problem by characterizing the gap between an idealized isolated intervention and its realized effect on model outputs in terms of feature interference. We upper-bound the propagation of feature interference in terms of the self-coherence of the feature dictionary, and relate this","title":"Towards Isolated Interventions via Almost Orthogonal Features in Language Models","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-28T04:43:08Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04718"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:67392e3779df9fc50ec98bbc1c3fac81318521c2a3bba1ba9a1444229468b02cfb3a83af11bea62d3bcf709293ff0a0f8341ed46b536f1a6d2b522d6c9a4330d","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-28T04:43:08Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04718"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"5facdbec4a53b285a85dda3245c417e94dc55ad5ad1b76a391de82f328904569","leaf_index":360809,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"65096c4bfa31d7d7b433d028f80572b1ab1a09bbb83628bfb526f5d8de9109c1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"a5047e8799a4dda7c3b4939928e50f442336042797f39e26411ca8ba26dc1ec1","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4565828f3c7a5dc9b195d1f0641bc1962a44544b1641bf904d5f55528d8a1b07","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e59d71a4dbd58e1f53b1f9d7b30867f24794f7ad1ae7ed0bd9ec76210ee0e6de","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c89a939fa4dd22bd7362c6f0106e4f6a3054d783e26c042396cf85753d155340","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e8670decef930025bf646e3a6631cf649dfa52d095f30e0bdf66e5880e39a55e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"edee58372a639bd2a7ffe555c89a5f76b628b6fb4ff60a0320a74d44c214bdd6","side":"left"},{"sibling":"80654268ff95f1daa72785465b969eee9ea2b22da6f8dfc0d2cf6148d4718a52","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f05fa4d2088913dc5410109b6c9f2c28b5e413f06a98f46cd68973c567c3b416","side":"left"},{"sibling":"fe03c6d0b083c4097049d7fc6d7d08dfdb05d9c198b2786336689712d66eabf0","side":"right"},{"sibling":"590ea76fdfc1b9e8072055c378be3182f916709e8d06bd955232e650a7188b86","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d92781c59301ffd5bfb0bad75d9fdf6d73879f715518149d383f7362213e0daf","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f315303d4402b57497416d48eb4c4bb50405b40862d41c7caf318cb3d29c5237","side":"right"},{"sibling":"36973eb5f586cd67e0c0dc055dd87e734aa544c35d4400d2c9f932f8ef8fb27f","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e39f7900355489c4718b21cc2d3d06382e1d2f22b864d10be9ebc9d498b279a1","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1f9a970b25dd938c98cabc9e0a55c5a6f46292b9fa37cc89d90ef0cbb1e05a8c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"77025bcb374a7ad74f520643e20a8ae1205a7ee78507b0beb93117760f1c29d3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3b50864499c874394ea0928567747666eaf59b01380e46cd52164ec5acec0f71","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":361008,"merkle_root":"3065e8369ea437c06beba806dc4e4bb159979adeb21fe632242c1906a7204647","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260728T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-28T05:38:48Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"9141644407577a82611c1579110f667de2d46dc6b93c6322edf26f4c3056ea99f0e56502853908e30d87c38bcf95eb6e0ab5130525aa51505bd6f61938120609","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_bd77ef98ea0382f459a01ba7c6e2fe4b230dfea3e75788a0cd188dc78e30450a"}}