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Although synthetic data augmentation via Text-to-speech (TTS) has been explored, existing CS TTS approaches primarily optimise reconstruction fidelity and do not explicitly enforce language-boundary consistency, thereby limiting their effectiveness for CS ASR augmentation. This paper proposes a code-mixing guided preference-learning framework that steers synthetic speech generation toward improved code-switching fidelity using the Code Mixing Index (CMI). Experiments on the SEAME Mandarin-English conversational corpus demonstrate that the proposed method enhances the utility of synthetic data for ASR fine-tuning. Specifically, when fine-tuning Whisper Large, the proposed approach reduces Mixed Error Rate (MER) from 12.1%/17.8% to 8.9%/14.2% on the DevMAN and DevSGE sets, respectively.","title":"Improving Code-Switching ASR with Code-Mixing Guided Synthetic Speech","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19381","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2606.19381v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: Code-switch (CS) Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) remains challenging due to limited availability of high quality CS text-speech pairs for training. Although synthetic data augmentation via Text-to-speech (TTS) has been explored, existing CS TTS approaches primarily optimise reconstruction fidelity and do not explicitly enforce language-boundary consistency, thereby limiting their effectiveness for CS ASR augmentation. This paper proposes a code-mixing guided preference-learning framework that steers synthetic speech generation toward improved code-switching fidelity using the Code Mixing Index (CMI). Experiments on the SEAME Mandarin-English conversational corpus demonstrate that the proposed method enhances the utility of synthetic data for ASR fine-tuning. Specifically, when fine-tuning Whisper Large, the proposed approach reduces Mixed Error Rate (MER) from 12.1%/17.8% to 8.9%/14.2% on the DevMAN and DevSGE sets, respectively.","title":"Improving Code-Switching ASR with Code-Mixing Guided Synthetic Speech","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-19T04:43:39Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19381"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:10e31461ba9aa3d22e49ba4e8b453b890c4af7818a5c481f4c5bc6253aa3909a2adff8d101babd735aeda75dd61eb0b7071e5c9e5011b22e73bcd40512eefb0c","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-19T04:43:39Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19381"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"fef9d0e7df12b9a89ebe8860533796b1b9b6a574812fdd64e0ec2be598d0c2b6","leaf_index":235551,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"d80ccdaa0c5b2d7b6ce22b7ee4d8d86da16d82dcd3b9ef3f805f0f849376ebe3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"9756a95c2f1b84d44654ab76dcffde8cfc4170cf2d5927891964d301b212de2f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c08959fd37cae9e98c7d9bdbba8b49b4fc41accdaab464b1ba3dbcdb1890b565","side":"left"},{"sibling":"6a21531f658a28ab60e8940734d1ed11aa44fd7c07263ee956c2ac740a490b39","side":"left"},{"sibling":"efd1a8d8a51e5d118bceb65e25b7772f091e304b3f11e578233a7e46ebf3d285","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5c36753571cf6ade7df3aeb205ec5f4eaf490f8ddac5c1812a0791554bd79748","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6cc7ca0021a188fb7ef3325d99f198a5bb7782a033e787d0adde01b21a90e6f5","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c0ab0c7dd98a2c17ee965cb19831d49d3a82a2ba1812d8a677f78274ab6f7c98","side":"right"},{"sibling":"aa68ebe8f5e8e96388fc8d1af3aa08be7ccd27ab4cebcf5913560c48d877bc27","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8253d44cf1ed30d3ab19c2b339fb4000a1fa173182c65390e9e8dabf8173b9e9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e2bf9b60400244c698c0196109f54323457abc5b64dee08ec33ab14cc4faaef7","side":"right"},{"sibling":"86664e7f68ba08b8dfcf77dda51a4dfa7fcfc986d4ad7c704ffb71b669202da7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"410c633928fea11c5b4bdddb431956b1d7c320db9cda00d2fe32e0fcf888d7b7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b52a771530dd1686bca49e42088898b86da94879579cd6a995c6ab0598a665fe","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a116bb92f9b0350491155b470acc86d006c33ec558759e49e56614a54c39f242","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a04392fb9f2a3a620840e3b3fecd93d12e6d224e481c162389d8ae64e7194599","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c300cf0154c136afc09b1702a0be98f4ba5b6dc5cf57e8cc714ec1eaf4196eff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":241122,"merkle_root":"7a906c6a26ff6c6feabc2feaba6a1a70c515e6fd72a38c779293b0f78ff291c4","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260622T183701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-23T06:25:25Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"5576b1d56d5dbb0d96c780fa3ca0940d805c8de95c6251bc87297f0be058aa5e37eb53a6aa1b601381f489f093842cf674b28737ed8e46ce3a49814b5e57290c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_caf5ca810552ea0685ec1de6d1d5d54ebc1a6f074463896ca73e1fff55cea85f"}}