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However, underlying stochasticity of the large language models raises concerns about the stability and trustworthiness of the LLM-generated summaries. This issue has become increasingly important due to proliferation of LLM-generated summaries in educational settings, where students and researchers summarize complex academic materials in zero-shot manner.\n  We propose a novel two-level diagnostic protocol for benchmarking LLM-summarizers based on the stability of the generated summaries. At the lower level, document-level stability analysis is performed over multiple LLM-summaries generated under controlled environment, and the stability coefficient is computed. Each generated summary is scored for semantic and factual alignment with the original document, enabling estimation","title":"Reexamining zero-shot summarization: Empirical investigation of trustworthiness of LLM-summarizers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21010","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.21010v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: Zero-shot summarization using Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the abstractive summarization task by producing coherent and fluent summaries. However, underlying stochasticity of the large language models raises concerns about the stability and trustworthiness of the LLM-generated summaries. This issue has become increasingly important due to proliferation of LLM-generated summaries in educational settings, where students and researchers summarize complex academic materials in zero-shot manner.\n  We propose a novel two-level diagnostic protocol for benchmarking LLM-summarizers based on the stability of the generated summaries. At the lower level, document-level stability analysis is performed over multiple LLM-summaries generated under controlled environment, and the stability coefficient is computed. Each generated summary is scored for semantic and factual alignment with the original document, enabling estimation","title":"Reexamining zero-shot summarization: Empirical investigation of trustworthiness of LLM-summarizers","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-24T04:43:08Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21010"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:fd2b7149a1a11453a08da17607f8941af98df614db890270682a66b298b3e0fb0d52dfdbe3f7a7365c966f95dd3e1a2cc1e94452aa4ac8632d73886483b39207","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-24T04:43:08Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21010"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"0cbf2a14c053dd2bd2cd0c688065abf7831a668b2c5ef39821d1cc39912007ca","leaf_index":347027,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"d8aaea25cbc705b5240a119cca7ee4231509e5150d84c321bdacc94eb8fe982e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"567b00876f9bd7a8ffee264b17ded98e5b8bbd7c1787d9fe6b9530a17d17466c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"38082697c1037cfd7dc6f82ad714d523f331642bc85f871cdbe4e2418971f35b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"ca1efe54bf0f5720f04739c219e089914bd5e8c4bade6d257512a064f3aa5e39","side":"right"},{"sibling":"87bfd6747e38932f9b151aeaf03e7eb0a566b7e8b3e49eaee1721a8494c926a2","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b6159399badc4c3989020c9a43206e1d592dde37e6e4a3ec1569e237a7df5285","side":"right"},{"sibling":"09a4759d227421c77e1462a3c333b1907095af488295f5ae40a2926b1ac32eed","side":"right"},{"sibling":"735b40cd86add2eb12982a84f45647b35267af61e771b38192432357dac71eb1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"c212fcc83c532c0321804b72fe72b546946bb055d3d482aab19c43f5bebfbf3f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"da189c159d0789c2229cf3731890cc753832dab1aa83e4bbf0fac01955c22cd8","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3a02ed8ea41a09957282e4e27db74ed88cd675156461abb02acb28e2cd257e63","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d3139af8c5ce235438e1c69e4b7afa44ba09129fd86674968434f23e546f423e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"cb89775a838ee16d10fc8da3213420c2012b4d96e8d55cd49939b0887a4b92d3","side":"right"},{"sibling":"252d30ea8052c3bb6b40bc5cc29fc9b9725343d212f84c08fbbae4215a125b00","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f3e45bceed774d2402fa45d41ff5190f295823bd2f216eb90157884150034693","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3cfa2102c0224815c6f3bf73e6710e24103f43f7bf5da1ca2abad1416d9c0890","side":"right"},{"sibling":"77025bcb374a7ad74f520643e20a8ae1205a7ee78507b0beb93117760f1c29d3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e871fd7edf9b2ad89bce1609a028f5225eea4d14372169bac242420830f86530","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":347413,"merkle_root":"9efe042c5dd6583dfd3b6a58fbfc289807f60bcf2bd2927f10488a54a8ba11fc","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260724T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-24T05:38:42Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"8633c55f558d42994850505218b2862c6134bad2b1c80d4b80736c2fd3ea7a19690ca3498727a8adbdc47791176128a8d64bef0883b888db809f0477355bd00c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_cd2e6f0f7458849ba6d27f6b8551d655c87251ad0618ac7c09d0601d8d0df71b"}}