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However, most existing approaches are limited to a text-only corpus, and while recent efforts have extended RAG to other modalities such as images and videos, they typically operate over a single modality-specific corpus. In contrast, real-world queries vary widely in the type of knowledge they require, which a single type of knowledge source cannot address. To address this, we introduce UniversalRAG, an any-to-any RAG framework designed to retrieve and integrate knowledge from heterogeneous sources with diverse modalities and granularities. Specifically, motivated by the observation that forcing all modalities into a unified representation space derived from a single aggregated corpus causes a modality gap, where the retrieval tends to favor items from the sa","title":"UniversalRAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation over Corpora of Diverse Modalities and Granularities","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20734","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2504.20734v4 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has shown substantial promise in improving factual accuracy by grounding model responses with external knowledge relevant to queries. However, most existing approaches are limited to a text-only corpus, and while recent efforts have extended RAG to other modalities such as images and videos, they typically operate over a single modality-specific corpus. In contrast, real-world queries vary widely in the type of knowledge they require, which a single type of knowledge source cannot address. To address this, we introduce UniversalRAG, an any-to-any RAG framework designed to retrieve and integrate knowledge from heterogeneous sources with diverse modalities and granularities. Specifically, motivated by the observation that forcing all modalities into a unified representation space derived from a single aggregated corpus causes a modality gap, where the retrieval tends to favor items from the sa","title":"UniversalRAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation over Corpora of Diverse Modalities and Granularities","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-05-19T04:43:36Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20734"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:6206a0536a5d918324c5a367a6d421ff049b64c0349a66274620ddd57ec5e88c91011247c1056b085df589c5ac60001f64bf071721e4a1a2bf41424dba84e40b","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-05-19T04:43:36Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20734"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"7cc8522f93585904d3ad1731a1ec97c2eeebc82c534ee5226863ad065b683b23","leaf_index":143032,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"3cc15e708ab8522db1d148faeef8b0db9cdff5528139888f787ac10b28ebaf1c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c890dcd78b3ec437952d46eb8f7f71c474e95953e801fe123ad29cd5fbc4f783","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6bca3eb2a1eabf6534f811988a40fb3397bdad32321c98bec7e92fea7a7c66a9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"0e01814558c32e31cf58ef3f5743051c29bf1a9357b4d2d0db6666e2afe59f95","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e585c0670879fe6f0ee2c730be67792ee74accb74f58cddb4be57480dc57188e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3205a2ed9c1def8f0dfe01b2865b2e0d6576e32ca32e78850b604a2feb905af6","side":"left"},{"sibling":"71cfa2f48c45714c85044224a434d4671a31490918bf5f7b7ac68ab93339a056","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a08bb38b15de0c5742c8163821e1b5929df17d7b24ec355bdc5003a27eafc8e7","side":"left"},{"sibling":"78a19962a2f444f055541381645626e3d4e1c8c7c2811bf54eeb89100f89f5b2","side":"right"},{"sibling":"db97141c585f6a1e6bebe92b3ea300ea0f38a2321ca286d85850b11b2dd162a6","side":"left"},{"sibling":"202f1bead178ef3785968d50d3d188264a95192a077654c331612e04a34cbfbe","side":"left"},{"sibling":"72249c8c8b068386e35d16f4bd0bbeb9ba820ca217ef0f0d28396c9fe493f5f0","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ea64599340f7ffdf17ad0cbc1d9401ef8870a347e3847bdc106d06b1673df09c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8f4c0fbe56b6c010fbb8c782ebcd478079bb3f991d8704e2534209a075d9163c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4db1f363729507e27a60851cf6ed334d7b9acdef194ed7d419aba4d2bd367a4a","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a86ee18c45e7fcc408b6007eaece05aa75b2d9ae30252e9e878462b4dffbef7b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1d18e7663d43ccff0122ecc7ee12645bb16afb607b218e81b1ea2408f863cb78","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":143302,"merkle_root":"999156d40a7c61d9ddd52b7338f3cbda3e68f53bace070c7b616ea194e23b123","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260519T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-05-19T05:37:30Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"b1a252cc66ff32bed1d10dd88a6b2a200e3856d3dbcfcc4ee55e02e00f3d548e854ed9c544704b222bd5d315492c4a935ba2d90d727c585a67899b0ad602fc05","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_cf00162ba84c793913d037e65a591df46849d162d438bb8f81abcb5cbb264af2"}}