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Unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, with state-of-the-art(SOTA) methods often following a localize-first, unlearn-second paradigm that targets specific model parameters. However, existing benchmarks evaluate unlearning solely at the output level, leaving open the question of whether unlearning truly erases knowledge from a model's parameters or merely obfuscates it, a concern reinforced by the success of resurfacing attacks. To bridge this gap, we introduce LACUNA: the first unlearning testbed with ground-truth parameter-level localization. LACUNA injects PII of synthetic individuals into predefined parameters of 1B and 7B OLMo-based models via masked continual pretraining, enabling direct evaluation of whether unlearning targets the weights responsible for knowledge sto","title":"LACUNA: A Testbed for Evaluating Localization Precision for LLM Unlearning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02513","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2607.02513v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: LLMs memorize sensitive training data, including personally identifiable information (PII), creating a pressing need for reliable post hoc removal methods. Unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, with state-of-the-art(SOTA) methods often following a localize-first, unlearn-second paradigm that targets specific model parameters. However, existing benchmarks evaluate unlearning solely at the output level, leaving open the question of whether unlearning truly erases knowledge from a model's parameters or merely obfuscates it, a concern reinforced by the success of resurfacing attacks. To bridge this gap, we introduce LACUNA: the first unlearning testbed with ground-truth parameter-level localization. LACUNA injects PII of synthetic individuals into predefined parameters of 1B and 7B OLMo-based models via masked continual pretraining, enabling direct evaluation of whether unlearning targets the weights responsible for knowledge sto","title":"LACUNA: A Testbed for Evaluating Localization Precision for LLM Unlearning","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-03T04:43:38Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02513"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:28777f9ccbe2e91106e7266caa8c04ec4238e0d7f10d7f34d708e924f656fe5efeb3321f22aa0e5b2d61c88a04781bd4353136b21a4ba6fea61a707593cecd06","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-03T04:43:38Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02513"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"07a3fd22c432117317a73ee44d68ffc07480f7d9030e4e5431b237059d65450d","leaf_index":275562,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"fd74310e63eab8d2b661a0f4c0657d1a7cb5caaadccde06b945aee7bf2da80fc","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b3b6f68052c507efa4fce820cb75ddaceb6f35ae23c3593fd0fedf370a7c46cc","side":"left"},{"sibling":"840ccc9f419c41dcde2106720a98914f0d4002d5e8c86def098c8cec6c24479f","side":"right"},{"sibling":"da0b2596a9cc150c84c44903a6890ea2713f6ee97f41f15b296a3e0dd7606893","side":"left"},{"sibling":"aa327fd26209e8ed7821ef98250d5f32ca511fec73e2131c80edaafd929ab722","side":"right"},{"sibling":"2b5e2a5410e7530377c7735b21156dbbfffce39d4e6f9a311d7de5ea760a0f5f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"951a1a1b501b86a4c8935e5f14dcd40ccd2d9f000d8c1cc584a81c95ee1b3755","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5e5c8e8db37d5481fef0ead807ae94ad0195c7ae0cf92622f52c3dec100a7e16","side":"right"},{"sibling":"da9343635b180d3ddf07636b2a7814fcbf809adc1979958fa092ef6d16ef0db5","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1685b068d9bba0447845c97429c2a9ba728526abe2dc9d9522fed7b13d6620e4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"cf1e47b22a12b71fda307cbe1b98bc247fa4226ac8691ca8d99e6cc72a905b34","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4dbd8247ba08a5432c7d6540711da9acb2f59e6189865aa8552dee37f69286a9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"41cd1885dc3fcb51e49eeb887d6d22ec2cfa58df0e4f8d7c7dddf3a1b0ce8249","side":"left"},{"sibling":"8a09562f6b247c1c3cd1fea36cb3b8f1cf5c575479dd514573856a380a964bf5","side":"left"},{"sibling":"723981908169653ca6d835aa9b8381a8c7ad3e3e3830d0792bc32032cda615ee","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c0594fa1ee81d5f019cccc7b5e51af603c6d7e43995498c451012060c7d06165","side":"right"},{"sibling":"4de6a2fb22efbb50c84dc62abeb0f2cbc8c663a9540aeba9e758ebfdfe3e86dd","side":"right"},{"sibling":"fdbb3519f8dc411a4043dfb5abdbfea5441e130326183ac2247c42584033f152","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":275799,"merkle_root":"2581d0d6e5fa345cdf2e8ab3b191ace76d6b14189901ab0e4c2291ca1d1ae1e6","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260703T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-03T05:38:09Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"e44a386a5ae00c0e7fc67b1179bb9060bf0fefc006e454fec70e27668182ff497d1e2faf0c3b22de0917beefb7c80e880dae925a3f67e1b16aa0eb44bf947407","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_e0f3ab7e34a9222a174cd664f4e50e063f5c14abcc75148599865a69ec0fd52b"}}