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However, observing agent behavior alone is often insufficient to distinguish genuine informational coupling from spurious similarity, as consequential coalitions may form at the level of internal representations before any overt behavioral change is apparent. Here, we introduce a practical method for detecting coalition structure from the internal neural representations of multi-agent systems. The approach constructs a pairwise mutual-information graph from the hidden states of agents and applies spectral partitioning to identify the most salient coalition boundary.\n  We validate this method in two domains. First, in multi-agent reinforcement learning environments, the method successfully recovers programmed hierarchical and dynamic coalition structures and correctly rejects false positives ar","title":"Hidden Coalitions in Multi-Agent AI: A Spectral Diagnostic from Internal Representations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.06696","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2605.06696v1 Announce Type: new \nAbstract: Collections of interacting AI agents can form coalitions, creating emergent group-level organization that is critical for AI safety and alignment. However, observing agent behavior alone is often insufficient to distinguish genuine informational coupling from spurious similarity, as consequential coalitions may form at the level of internal representations before any overt behavioral change is apparent. Here, we introduce a practical method for detecting coalition structure from the internal neural representations of multi-agent systems. The approach constructs a pairwise mutual-information graph from the hidden states of agents and applies spectral partitioning to identify the most salient coalition boundary.\n  We validate this method in two domains. 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