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However, most demonstrations of this ``conjunctive handicap'' rely on passive observation paradigms with limited evidence, where learners have no control over evidence generation. This paper asks whether this bias persists when adults are granted agency through active exploration. Using a modified ``blicket detector'' task, adult participants freely intervened to identify causal objects under conjunctive or disjunctive rule structures. We show that active exploration substantially improves adults' conjunctive causal reasoning, although conjunctive rules still require more tests to infer than disjunctive rules. We further compare human performance to a range of large language models in the same settin","title":"Human Adults and LLMs as Scientists: Who Benefits from Active Exploration?","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.06464","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2606.06464v1 Announce Type: cross \nAbstract: A long-standing finding in the causal learning literature is that adults struggle to identify conjunctive causal rules, where an effect requires the simultaneous presence of multiple causes, while performing better in disjunctive settings. However, most demonstrations of this ``conjunctive handicap'' rely on passive observation paradigms with limited evidence, where learners have no control over evidence generation. This paper asks whether this bias persists when adults are granted agency through active exploration. Using a modified ``blicket detector'' task, adult participants freely intervened to identify causal objects under conjunctive or disjunctive rule structures. We show that active exploration substantially improves adults' conjunctive causal reasoning, although conjunctive rules still require more tests to infer than disjunctive rules. We further compare human performance to a range of large language models in the same settin","title":"Human Adults and LLMs as Scientists: Who Benefits from Active Exploration?","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-06-08T04:44:02Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.06464"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:a4ad3f433d480faa8fdb48e824b47b2ffe811a1c76c56cdea76a12aeb5d590969a4f2c75876155327b0ab1a21da6dbfe6ab48bbb0802570b4e79873d27716708","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-06-08T04:44:02Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.06464"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"d318a60c3633765d42008b95fc2ae5de4e2b6d38bf62a444422455945ae9e2d9","leaf_index":223675,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"160be4cac8c1295b43a66d45a54cf2a9de908c2076ec8c457749cfb5b8c5a078","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3a63b6db3a4bb5d9e931112aee0b8dc058cc173302b8a936b958774032826a1d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"ddbe2381211567c80bf16d275d2ee71927d32d72e4d9236c7c3f0cf195307120","side":"right"},{"sibling":"dcb11946191f3526cc36d3131179ee309020a7cd20c356afe5d0e8ce13c3e108","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4b9cd832279f1cd0c769442a39039c14ca4f17ce6ea57856af17752c3450f75c","side":"left"},{"sibling":"05827a4a13c768e2db265e72fad0f6fb7a7fbb7d073c0c14e6439b2d7aa27a42","side":"left"},{"sibling":"60fb6338c1398b60f2495d29f49c8dd6efd167badd0ad0f69e5eaf6aa895db59","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f52e49855e10c1db333480ff9b611c4795fd9e2f84430900141c99330582a520","side":"left"},{"sibling":"5f83c2a81d932eed327e06ff2498f8ed85199cdf7d5f3cd3565fb2a9003a8b8f","side":"left"},{"sibling":"06e9be95ebfd6e5cffbe9db8fc8fd32e8c20d38b7d7f0df3dc7dc5e76bb1848c","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5480e1ea31f4744f9bd7c4261771fe51f2cdb01e705cc17320bfc202d935ca12","side":"right"},{"sibling":"24fdc29d461691aedb6fa920758206b5bb43851f477ef7a04c34aaed84b8971b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"036922da4e1e2c46d948f070454bfad299b7406fb00735ea9d8bd1e687f5f445","side":"right"},{"sibling":"533d82482604463aa4a281b9d8b85917b383b7c5f924b2b494039524c55e8797","side":"left"},{"sibling":"b2590791b920ca2a4ed39de126d2c0b1a10d9e7e62f572f12425f214e767b6e1","side":"left"},{"sibling":"87c6b850dfec08ac35a693d9db3a3315250a68adb1cfab9b1015f212b63b15bd","side":"right"},{"sibling":"c300cf0154c136afc09b1702a0be98f4ba5b6dc5cf57e8cc714ec1eaf4196eff","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d841ad93efda0869e5eb97678f348f03f5caab4353e05ff4bf18f47fb945b822","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":224761,"merkle_root":"e9f7b49b652e869ab97ffba9c5a31356b2d0e3dc5d00bb28944adf737c46b1e7","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260609T103805Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-06-09T14:15:34Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"8ad8076fb12c8e486ae1d1559a9a7ba8e2ee996a9ad3d8ba7bcdbdbd88ab3a15bcb429707aca6d3e9d8b97e2ba755b3dcc77b1abb6601ccb829842719a6fb30d","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_eb10e16443a4073d6b4779568646016c84b5335bc720ceb33e50baf1df4e4dc2"}}