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Through systematic out-of-distribution (OOD) testing, we ask whether the model distinguishes known from unknown inputs, and whether it expresses that distinction in its generated text. We find a clear dissociation between internal and external uncertainty. Internally, the model exhibits a perplexity jump ratio of 2.39x between real and fabricated historical events (p = 8.9e-11, n = 92 per group), with semi-fabricated events (real figures + fictional actions) showing the highest perplexity (4.24x, p = 1.1e-16), demonstrating genuine factual encoding beyond syntactic pattern matching. Externally, however, the model never learns to express uncertainty: classical Chinese epistemic markers appear at lower rates for OOD questions (3.5%) than in-distrib","title":"Internal Knowledge Without External Expression: Probing the Generalization Boundary of a Classical Chinese Language Model","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14180","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2604.14180v3 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: We train a 318M-parameter Transformer language model from scratch on a curated corpus of 1.56 billion tokens of pure Classical Chinese, with zero English characters or Arabic numerals. Through systematic out-of-distribution (OOD) testing, we ask whether the model distinguishes known from unknown inputs, and whether it expresses that distinction in its generated text. We find a clear dissociation between internal and external uncertainty. 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Externally, however, the model never learns to express uncertainty: classical Chinese epistemic markers appear at lower rates for OOD questions (3.5%) than in-distrib","title":"Internal Knowledge Without External Expression: Probing the Generalization Boundary of a Classical Chinese Language Model","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-24T04:43:08Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14180"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:018784f1adb4df91b7f115ff9772f67c8142492a12f07e71a2d88108feb490c0a1fde4616471267176171ce5156a24c9b5c2f9f01e6793328cffeaf5aa47c601","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-24T04:43:08Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14180"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"dee4f45c41aa7352eeb8ec94c31e8b6a2cb058dea80262dacac1c00aa3e44dd6","leaf_index":347266,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"441a1bba6679e14374ec2db13daaf0dc243eb6a6fcce6d277a4206bb94103efd","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9ba3dca9ba4e0966cc34585296f7593393225f2e53b8b5dd347ae7f694839d78","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e2ca011287b60dfaa8e3e4dc511c6cd81d09332fdb5705ee28931165a72c1a5b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"6ebb24b6524716cf1912202f7e12700c2d4e3d6842452043155d2a2ad0c22277","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9adf52bd22ab5647bf910fd3f10154fc419e5bc162b4c4b536c5f9d3963eff52","side":"right"},{"sibling":"08adba33337ac083535a9e5c82782db25649ac489263ac731a8d1fa1da0c6063","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a016292ed9959e7b6e9e4e2e4e7dbb36f23d8d4802fed168f8c3507889be8c43","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e0075fd17f0a4d4c74347ad4e0ca1b1d6b19542c1953e02734c28db811050841","side":"left"},{"sibling":"759f431c97765cb7fb12d38ee64fd6a87076abf1b63c87d7c8c172d57b29084d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"b9cb83ecb59812b3b9270c365951fa79dead288c3923b6cf1f83ffb911b27405","side":"right"},{"sibling":"e6c9083cd0939b38f691f619de2054068654e9c77f7c7ab051e0d48b77339e5d","side":"left"},{"sibling":"d3139af8c5ce235438e1c69e4b7afa44ba09129fd86674968434f23e546f423e","side":"left"},{"sibling":"cb89775a838ee16d10fc8da3213420c2012b4d96e8d55cd49939b0887a4b92d3","side":"right"},{"sibling":"252d30ea8052c3bb6b40bc5cc29fc9b9725343d212f84c08fbbae4215a125b00","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f3e45bceed774d2402fa45d41ff5190f295823bd2f216eb90157884150034693","side":"left"},{"sibling":"3cfa2102c0224815c6f3bf73e6710e24103f43f7bf5da1ca2abad1416d9c0890","side":"right"},{"sibling":"77025bcb374a7ad74f520643e20a8ae1205a7ee78507b0beb93117760f1c29d3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"e871fd7edf9b2ad89bce1609a028f5225eea4d14372169bac242420830f86530","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":347413,"merkle_root":"9efe042c5dd6583dfd3b6a58fbfc289807f60bcf2bd2927f10488a54a8ba11fc","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260724T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-24T05:38:42Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"8633c55f558d42994850505218b2862c6134bad2b1c80d4b80736c2fd3ea7a19690ca3498727a8adbdc47791176128a8d64bef0883b888db809f0477355bd00c","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_f2792bab08d65b12662913766a503a3e1fa79b7045e5b1b143834b67fe24334d"}}