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While data augmentation offers a solution, existing methods fail to generate sufficiently realistic lesion morphologies that preserve tissue-specific architectures. Here we present PathoGen, a diffusion-based generative model enabling controllable, high-fidelity lesion inpainting into benign histopathology images. We validate PathoGen across four datasets representing kidney, skin, breast, and prostate pathology. Quantitative assessment confirms PathoGen outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in image fidelity and distributional similarity. Evaluation by six expert pathologists revealed that synthetic images by PathoGen were only marginally distinguished from real tissue image slightly above chance (57.75% accuracy), demonstrating strong perceptual realism of P","title":"Controllable Diffusion-Based Lesion Inpainting for Scalable Histopathology Data Augmentation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08127","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"summary":"arXiv:2601.08127v2 Announce Type: replace-cross \nAbstract: Expert-annotated training data remains the critical bottleneck for AI in histopathology, particularly for rare pathologies where even dozens of cases may be unavailable. While data augmentation offers a solution, existing methods fail to generate sufficiently realistic lesion morphologies that preserve tissue-specific architectures. Here we present PathoGen, a diffusion-based generative model enabling controllable, high-fidelity lesion inpainting into benign histopathology images. We validate PathoGen across four datasets representing kidney, skin, breast, and prostate pathology. Quantitative assessment confirms PathoGen outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in image fidelity and distributional similarity. Evaluation by six expert pathologists revealed that synthetic images by PathoGen were only marginally distinguished from real tissue image slightly above chance (57.75% accuracy), demonstrating strong perceptual realism of P","title":"Controllable Diffusion-Based Lesion Inpainting for Scalable Histopathology Data Augmentation","vendor":"arxiv_cs_ai"},"confidence":{"method":"deterministic"},"decision":"POSITIVE","issued_at":"2026-07-02T04:43:28Z","notes":"Spider vendor_press (news) news.vendor_press.v1","object":{"captured_by":"crovia.spider.vendor_press","primary_source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08127"},"predecessors":[],"schema":"crovia.axiom.v1","signature":"ed25519:6c3735947b2dbcedd5de3513670a18a5e76e32b23e07a20e37774aaa965f03da6a085ce2bf039ddde777b798357c21b98be114b6afaedde33a3bd2bee10cd902","signer":"crovia.substrate","subject":{"observed_at":"2026-07-02T04:43:28Z","source_collector":"spider:vendor_press","target_id":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08127"},"tsa":{"authority":"crovia.substrate.bootstrap","rfc3161_token":"{\"kind\":\"crovia.bootstrap.tsa\",\"source_jsonl\":\"/opt/crovia/spider/data/news/vendor_press_v1.jsonl\",\"source_seal_merkle_root\":\"spider_vendor_press_v1\",\"upgrade_path\":\"Sessione H \\u2014 OpenTimestamps weekly anchor\"}"},"zk_mode":"clear","zk_proof":null},"ledger":{"leaf_hash":"31269fcc30c310b9187669019ed38e552b94afb9581a696b33e750b077e124e0","leaf_index":272153,"ledger_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl"},"merkle_proof":{"hash_alg":"sha256","leaf_prefix":"0x00","node_prefix":"0x01","odd_leaf_rule":"duplicate_last","path":[{"sibling":"d0089417a3e00c254986fbdfb94cf64dfc5645bcc524450c6d16db2a812744e3","side":"left"},{"sibling":"61df1a9c76a7d75860c6f13859e13c1221e322933461e88ccf290f7019230c6b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"d469cb3383befb88791554810f5745b5a867c45eebfd782945215c064653e2da","side":"right"},{"sibling":"f10bf800dbbd80ba32f0e879453bbaff1dfbabada23c14880b003cf65dc2f049","side":"left"},{"sibling":"230641473e1060fab54b3261416e084c29f4c3ac71238ec07abac7dd44727231","side":"left"},{"sibling":"7a4e6051ee4ccafdc229a14d2ffcc4160414213994def7800db212689e11be64","side":"right"},{"sibling":"cc11812168388f349eda6e2835541b5d57a65c6cb4b16845c8021c9edc28b8a4","side":"right"},{"sibling":"a4da43fbd278ae938a2a1e0683cf220afa6b847d646277957f6bc405a8bbc4ed","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9c42dafc1ed28ef38396701a14a02d047efb8a9fb42065359d5d7f39d656a53b","side":"left"},{"sibling":"4cfdd7f7072619c015edc477162c2cf29c6f70370acb8dbddf1eb590876d82fe","side":"left"},{"sibling":"43990c9db8fcb3172d821965dfac69152981af4108b8dc87bd32f15c0e56f4cf","side":"left"},{"sibling":"15dbacc2e5845fe3bb835797bb7647ab6f091e79adadd39f40c636980716c622","side":"right"},{"sibling":"7ecc1d0d471643b88d886db58cb02a77af4d1495674760c3867834550b143757","side":"right"},{"sibling":"8a09562f6b247c1c3cd1fea36cb3b8f1cf5c575479dd514573856a380a964bf5","side":"left"},{"sibling":"7b681d50e7d0a7b8d2a749507aed58030072539a90fab18de4f698743685cc00","side":"right"},{"sibling":"9b262645232510ff15bb7325ab858256f2914f711d2726caeafd49f5ca0fb7a9","side":"right"},{"sibling":"5bd94446b5721b713c5e4dcf4624b9bc682657ab2784af927caae7b80c297d7d","side":"right"},{"sibling":"21ac0b7091fe1133859bcd17b4f8da2fe37a2489d472dad508305740b483221b","side":"right"},{"sibling":"1cecb7f447febd025aac272837c80de218aecc6485d2395a509b2a1f1b9c746e","side":"left"}]},"schema":"crovia.axiom_proof.v1","seal":{"first_collector_run_id":"","first_receipt_hash":"","jsonl_path":"/opt/crovia/substrate/axiom_ledger.jsonl","key_id":"430895f101d38164","last_collector_run_id":"","last_receipt_hash":"","leaf_count":272319,"merkle_root":"dd4fa4deb1f207e8a7756821b4f940f39e9f06a25e6fa8500a21dd403318a5a7","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","run_id":"hourly_json_retrofit_20260702T053701Z","schema":"crovia.seal.v1","seal_family_version":"crovia-seal-family/1","seal_kind":"substrate_batch","sealed_at":"2026-07-02T05:38:06Z","sig_algorithm":"ed25519","signature":"68eb2e3bbc0f593bea7b5c3c110c90b6f4fe4fd8277d8dee7c866ba0471c1a50684aa4539c8a493e6d9c9202d8c03f4d897a0df3477e9ecd5b0ff03eb1016f00","signer_version":"1.1.0"},"trust_root":{"key_id":"430895f101d38164","public_key_hex":"cf742e26f75669dc673cb5c0786a1ae23ae8ca19c347317192ce40c28a7ff25c","signature_algorithm":"ed25519","url":"/registry/canon/TRUST_ROOT.md"},"verifier":{"spec":"/registry/canon/AXIOM_RECEIPT_v1.md","url":"/v/axm_f5257a1860531be9e813c44c584098ae492f56cc2dbb269575c7ac60bb48aae0"}}